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The role of language has been essential in the creation, transmission and reception of images and messages. In terms of late Portuguese and Castilian medieval literature, it was essential in the shaping, projection and reception of negative images of the Jews that were created by the secular and ecclesiastical elites of the aforementioned kingdoms. However, these images were not simply created and transmitted by written word alone. Both political and religious leadership played fundamental roles in shaping and projecting such images to audiences in the public sphere. Such oral communication consisted of speeches, proclamation of laws to the public, preaching by priests and monks, and public polemic disputes between Catholic theologians and rabbinical leaders. The purpose of the thesis is to initiate the process of filling in the existing gap of a study that would act as a foundation for further investigation in the comparison and contrast of the available literature from the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile.
The main research question was to ascertain how the elites of the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile differed in the projection of negative images of the Jews and how they were received by their respective Christian subjects. Other questions that developed were when did the images in both kingdoms resemble one another and when did they differ? Why did they differ? Was it through different historical circumstances as the role of leadership, the role of public polemic disputes, radicalized public due to years of fanatical preaching? The investigation would use the conceptual framework of the role of language, communication and power in the shaping, transmission and reception of images to target audiences.
The methodology applied was qualitative as numerical figures based on thorough census, surveys and questionnaires did not exist in the late Middle Ages. These sources, although imperfect, provide insight into the way of thinking of the countries, where they were written and allow investigators to make conclusions based on their findings. Such literature consisted of chronicles, lyrics, poetry, memoirs, laws passed in the Cortes, diplomas, charter rights granted by monarchs and even polemic literature. In terms of measuring the number of discriminatory and restrictive laws in both Iberian kingdoms, the methodological approach used by Spanish historian Monsalvo Antón in classifying the acts of the Castilian Cortes into five different categories was applied. These categories were: 1) Administrative and Professional Discrimination and the Reduction of social and political influence of Jews: Reviewing the traditional Jewish presence in tax and rent collection; 2) Judicial Discrimination: Suppression of Jurisdictional Privileges and Prerogatives of the Jews; 3) Pragmatic and Interested regulation of the Economic Activities of the Jews within the scope of finance and credit; 4) Basis or Foundation of Confessional (Religious) Inferiority and the Discrimination towards the practice of non-Christian religion; and, 5) Limitations on the daily dealings between Jews and Christians and Segregation of the Jewish minority. Not only were they implemented to the acts of the Portuguese Cortes, but to other secular legislation, as well as to ecclesiastical legislation of Portuguese and Castilian synods.