Long‐term gender disparities in new‐onset heart failure after acute coronary syndrome

Abstract

Aims

A paucity of studies addressed sex‐related differences in clinical outcomes in the long term following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In these patients, it remains uncertain whether heart failure (HF) might exert a differential impact on the prognosis in the long term.

Methods

We queried a large‐scale database of ACS patients undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was new‐onset HF. Secondary endpoints included mortality, myocardial infarction, re‐PCI and ischaemic stroke. Propensity score matching was generated to balance group characteristics. A total of 3334 patients after propensity score matching were analysed. Follow‐up was assessed at the 5 year term.

Results

At 5 year follow‐up, HF risk increased significantly in males versus females {17.9% vs. 14.8%, hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.22 [1.03–1.44], P = 0.02}. At 5 year follow‐up, mortality was significantly higher in the male cohort as compared with the female cohort [HR (95% CI) = 1.23 (1.02–1.47), P = 0.02]. On landmark analysis, differences in mortality emerged after the first year and were maintained thereafter. Ischaemic outcomes were comparable between cohorts.

Conclusions

Following ACS, males experienced a greater long‐term risk of developing new‐onset HF as compared with females. This difference remained consistent across all prespecified subgroups. Mortality was significantly higher in males. No differences were observed in ischaemic outcomes. New‐onset HF emerges as a primary contributor to long‐term gender disparities after ACS and a strong predictor of mortality in men with HF.