Syphilis reactivity among blood donors in Brazil: associated factors and implications for public health monitoring

Abstract

Background

Increasing syphilis infection rates are a concerning issue worldwide. Blood donation screening is an opportunity to monitor the burden of asymptomatic infections, providing information on contemporary factors associated with infection and public health insights into transmission.

Methods

Blood donations collected at five Brazilian blood centers between January 2020 and February 2022 were screened with treponemal or non-treponemal assays according to local protocols, followed by alternate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); samples with reactive or indeterminate results in the alternate ELISA were further tested with the rapid plasma reagin (RPR), and categorized as RPR-positive or RPR-negative. RPR-positive donations were also grouped according to RPR titers (< 1:8 or ≥ 1:8). We report the prevalence of syphilis in first-time donors (FTD) and repeat donors (RD), as well as incidence in RD. Multivariable models were used to assess factors associated with RPR-positive syphilis. Additionally, we explored the relationship between syphilis positivity in FTD and syphilis cases registered by the Brazilian public health surveillance system from 2012 to 2022.

Findings

Of 862,146 donations, 10,771 (1.3%) were reactive or indeterminate on screening; 7,541 available samples underwent additional testing. Of those, 5,876 (77.9%) tested positive or indeterminate on the alternate ELISA; 907 (12.0%) were RPR-negative, 2,980 (39.5%) were RPR-positive < 1:8, and 1,989 (26.4%) were RPR-positive with titers ≥ 1:8. The prevalence of syphilis including RPR-positive and RPR-negative cases was 2.5% among FTD and 0.6% among RD. The incidence of syphilis in RD was 90/10⁵ person-years (95% CI 86–95), with younger age, male gender, Black and Mixed race (relative to White) and lower education associated with incident syphilis in RD. Blood donors had lower rates of syphilis compared to the general population, with correspondence between numbers in blood donors and congenital syphilis rates registered by the Brazilian surveillance system between 2012 and 2022.

Conclusion

The prevalence of syphilis was < 3% among FTD and < 1% among RD. We found wide variability according to donor characteristics, with gender, age, race, and schooling significantly associated with prevalent and incident RPR-positive syphilis in multivariable models. Syphilis occurrence among blood donors can be used to assess disease patterns in low-risk populations.