Exploring Subtle Language Choices to Lessen Public Stigma Directed Toward People Who Misuse Psychoactive Substances

Abstract

Public stigma surrounding substance misuse hinders healthcare and recovery, as it often discourages them from accessing necessary treatment and perpetuates feelings that can exacerbate their conditions. It is crucial to promote fair access and reduce stigma through evidence-based language interventions. Research shows that using person-first language and specific terms can positively influence public attitudes toward those with substance misuse issues. This study examined different linguistic choices such as Phrase Types (person-first versus identity-first language), Action Terms (“use” versus “misuse”), and Object Terms (“drug” versus “substance”) and their effects on public stigma. 

An online experiment was conducted through Qualtrics, where participants were randomly assigned to one of eight linguistic labels after watching a short video about the consequences of substance misuse. Modified versions of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS) and the Level-of-Contact Report followed to analyze public stigma. Three 2x2x2 ANOVAs were conducted focusing on Phrase Type, Action Term, and Object Term to assess the interactions between these variables and their impact on public stigma to identify any significant main effects or interactions could guide future interventions targeted to reduce public stigma.

Contrary to predictions, person-first language resulted in higher stigma than identity-first language on one measure, suggesting the phrase types not consistently evident. No significant effects emerged for Action Term but "drug" elicited greater stigma than "substance." This suggests that using the term “substance” instead of “drug” can help reduce public stigma. The extent of contact and people who misuse substances did not have a significant impact on the results. Ongoing exploration of language interventions and comprehensive stigma-reduction strategies is essential for enhancing the well-being of those impacted by substance misuse. Continued research on language interventions and broader stigma-reduction strategies is crucial to improving outcomes for individuals affected by substance.