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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

This paper introduces a kinetic model of crowd evacuation from a bounded domain, integrating social behavior and contagion dynamics. The model describes the spatial movement of individuals in a crowd, taking into account interactions with other people and the geometry of the environment. Interactions between healthy and infectious individuals can lead to disease transmission and are considered. The approach is grounded in the kinetic theory of active particles, where the activity variable represents both the infectious disease status of individuals (e.g., susceptible, infected) and the psychological state of pedestrians, including contagion awareness. Varying awareness levels influence individual behavior, leading to more cautious movement patterns, potentially reducing the overall infection rate. The performance of the model is evaluated through a series of numerical simulations. Different scenarios are examined to investigate the impact of awareness levels on pedestrian behavior, infectious disease spread, and evacuation times. Additionally, the effects of population immunization and individual contagion awareness are assessed to determine the most effective strategy for reducing infections. The results provide valuable insights into targeted strategies to mitigate contagion.

Details

Title
Spatial Kinetic Modeling of Crowd Evacuation: Coupling Social Behavior and Infectious Disease Contagion
Author
Juan Pablo Agnelli 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Armas, Claudio 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Knopoff, Damián A 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Matemática (CIEM), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; [email protected] (J.P.A.); [email protected] (C.A.); FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina 
 Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Matemática (CIEM), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; [email protected] (J.P.A.); [email protected] (C.A.); Faculty of Engineering, University of Deusto, Av. de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain 
First page
123
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20738994
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3159553351
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.