Content area
Purpose
This study examines academic librarians' perceptions and attitudes toward Internet of Things (IoT) applications in Hong Kong academic libraries and the problems and possible improvements in using IoT technologies to strengthen library services.
Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative research used video conferencing software for semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. Participants were given introductory material about the IoT and asked to complete an interview. The data were analyzed using inductive theme clustering for this study.
Findings
The analysis identified three themes: perception about applying IoT technology to the library, problems and improvements in using IoT. Participants were generally optimistic about the potential benefits of IoT for improving library operations and providing personalized services. However, they also expressed concerns about privacy and security, errors and extra efforts for information literacy training. They suggested improvements such as incorporating facial recognition technology, advanced RFID technology and collections identification technology to enhance user experience.
Originality/value
Most studies examined users' views rather than librarians' on IoT applications, which few studies cover, especially in East Asia.
Introduction
The desktop computer alone can no longer be at the forefront as technology advances and computing goes mobile and ubiquitous. Many everyday devices are connected to the web in some way as part of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm (Bokharaei Nia et al., 2023; Chang et al., 2018; Chohan et al., 2023; Khan et al., 2022). Every daily technology products, from smartphones to refrigerators to something like temperature sensors in various buildings, are seemingly intangibly connected via 4G/5G broadband cellular and Wi-Fi networks. Thus, IoT's convenience and advantages make the IoT market heating up (Pal and Purushothaman, 2017). According to Wegner (2022), IoT Analytics projects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.0% for the IoT market size between 2022 and 2027, indicating that IoT is a growing trend worldwide and among different industries (Golpîra et al., 2021).
Meanwhile, the use of IoT in libraries has led to the creation of several library services (De Sarkar, 2022). One such service is resource tracking, where sensors are used to track resources and guide users to the correct location. Li et al. (2015) proposed an Autonomous Robotic Shelf Scanning system to automate the tracking of missing or misplaced books, which has been implemented in several libraries, including the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library of the University of Chicago campus and the Santa Clara University Library (De Sarkar, 2022). Membership apps installed on smartphones can replace physical membership cards, and sensor-based face recognition systems or biometric identification can be used to identify library members. Location tracing systems using Bluetooth-enabled indoor navigation techniques, such as BeaLib and BlueBeam, allow users to identify different sections and guide them to locate resources (Chiu and Ho, 2022; Uttarwar et al., 2017). The IoT architecture also enables users to receive notifications about new arrivals, news, events, workshops, seminars and conferences. Solus, BLUEcloud Mobile and Iguana mobile library apps, as well as beacon-supported functionality, help libraries engage users more effectively (Breeding, 2021). Because a growing number of public and academic libraries are using IoT technologies, this research examines how IoT contributes to expanding smart libraries for strengthening library services and related challenges to provide recommendations related to IoT in this context for various stakeholders.
Literature review
Current applications of IoT in the library industry
According to Echedom and Kakiri (2021), libraries can use IoT technologies in the following ways: (1) Access to the library and its resources, (2) Collection Management, (3) Inventory, (4) Theft Management, (5) User Identification, (6) Reservation of Information Material, (7) Mobile Reference Services, and (8) Information Literacy/Library Orientation Services.
To apply these IoT functions, a modern library should implement a comprehensive system to connect all IoT devices. A cycle of book circulation in an IoT-based Library system (Bayani et al., 2017) comprises the following procedures: (1) the tagging area is the administrative hub; (2) new books are sent to the tagging area for registration; (3) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) cards are used to tag registered books; (4) A distinctive marker identifies bookshelves; and (5) when bookholders pass the electronic access gate control, a reader reads the tag on the book and the RFID card.
As for user tracking, the IoT system recognizes whether a patron entering the library is a registered user and sends this information to the central cloud system for analysis and presentation in the monitoring system. A detection system activates and examines if the object was registered with the checkout system to determine if the object was checked out successfully, automatically or manually, when the user leaves the protected library area. Check-in and out could be automated by, for example, scanning a registered ID card. The self-checking in/out system verifies its database through valid user servers. If the customer was an authorized user, the reader could scan and register the book on the system. The waiting system will notify users when the book or document returns to the library. The RFID network in an IoT architectural system can do all the above duties (Bayani et al., 2017).
A notable example of RFID implementation is the University of Hong Kong's Libraries (HKU Libraries) in 2008 (Sidorko, 2009) for facilitating the efficient management of the considerable public and private resources entrusted to the institution, which recognized the potential benefits of RFID technology to enhance the libraries' service to its users. In 2008, the Run Run Shaw Library at the City University of Hong Kong (CityU HK Library) initiated research on the use of High Frequency (HF) RFID and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID in the library environment (Ching and Tai, 2009). And the findings proved that UHF RFID performs more efficiently than HF RFID in libraries' operations and circulation activities.
Using developments in indoor location, mobile technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT), the CityU Library launched beacon-based navigation software for patrons to use their mobile devices to locate areas within the library using the app (Cheng, 2017). It uses signals from beacons set around the library to establish the user's location and then directs them to their intended destination.
Sinha and Brar (2021) surveyed library students to learn how they feel about changes brought on by technological advancements in providing library services. Their results showed that 53.48% of people favored embracing new technology in library settings, while 44.18% opposed it. In addition, this study highlighted the awareness of the application of IoT in library services, finding that 84% of respondents were aware of this application in the library context, while 45% were not. This research reveals that most respondents are familiar with the IoT used in libraries, and more students favor incorporating new IoT technologies into the library to improve its services.
Existing problems with using IoT technologies in libraries
The smart library notion has been debated internationally in many contexts and under various titles. As a result, there are several conceptual versions produced by substituting “smart” with other adjectives such as “digital”, “intelligent”, and “blended”. Smartness is defined from the user's standpoint (Cao et al., 2018). Therefore, a smart library should be user-centric and responsive to user requirements. To do this, the library should be capable of automatically collecting user demands and offering the resources and services to suit those needs (Zimmerman and Chang, 2018).
However, those technologies may not be applicable to the whole library industry. A qualitative study conducted by (Hussain and Ahmad, 2021) concludes the adoption status of the listed technologies in the university libraries of Pakistan, which includes: Integrated Library System (ILS), Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras, Radio Frequency Identifications (RFID), Self-service kiosks, Digital repositions of e-books, theses, and archival records, Library websites, Online resources/databases (free and subscribed), and Information Literacy (IL) instruction. Irrefutably, other librarians at this institution insist that nothing except ILS and CCTV cameras are in operation throughout the building at all times. This research showed that many modern libraries, especially in Asia, do not fully embrace “smart technology” in their facilities and suggests a lack of widespread adoption of the more advanced IoT approaches.
Obstacles to the use of IoT technologies for smart libraries include the libraries' precarious financial situation, the absence of a dedicated budget under the technology heading, the librarians' lack of the necessary skills and expertise, and the university administration's unwillingness to cooperate (Hussain and Ahmad, 2021). Asim et al. (2022) highlighted that the high cost of IoT tools, a lack of a highly networked and integrated environment, security (hacking and virus) difficulties, a lack of technical people, a lack of a policy and strategic plan, and a lack of clear knowledge of IoTs are all major challenges for IoT deployments. Liang and Chen (2020) pointed out security is the main problem in promoting IoT in libraries. Integrating security mechanisms in IoT components is difficult due to limited resources (Liang, 2020). Furthermore, hackers can attack vulnerabilities in IoT devices, operating systems, or software to exfiltrate data on various IoT devices, such as mobile smartphones (Kamalrudin et al., 2018). Moreover, RFID authentication plays a vital role in ensuring the security and privacy of IoT devices. However, the low resource characteristic of RFID tags restricts their uses (Bayani et al., 2017).
Key hurdles to students using IoT applications include inadequate training, technical skills, time, awareness, or knowledge (Mansour, 2016). Most libraries frequently lack people with the necessary IT skills and expertise to establish library services with IoT technology (Potnis et al., 2016). Other barriers to implementing the IoT in library services include data privacy and security concerns (Hui et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2021), limited funding, high installation costs, staff, and user training (Lin et al., 2022), system bugs, and a decline in using physical library resources (Echedom and Kakiri, 2021; Leung et al., 2023; Lu et al., 2023; Wong and Chiu, 2023; Yu et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2022). Regarding security concerns, two important identifiers for libraries are based on four determinants: speed of delivery, platform, user expectations, and device security (Massis, 2016). Given the current concerns around privacy and security on the Internet, the trust factor between service providers and consumers is crucial. Libraries should be mindful of the potential disruptions that IoT devices may cause and warn patrons about vulnerabilities when using their networks, hardware, and software. Despite being designed to ease our lives, IoT technologies in libraries may also potentially disrupt them (Massis, 2016).
In developing countries, inferior Internet connections may prohibit university students from accessing prospective smart library services. The problem may be attributable to widespread issues with inadequate wireless internet access at universities. Poor internet connectivity is a significant obstacle to smart library services (Mansour, 2016). The absence of technical support, especially for specialized information technology, may also be problematic.
Possible improvements in IoT technology
Recent years have seen rapid evolution and development in the technology of modern mobile phones, leading to a wide range of uses in daily life (Dong et al., 2021; Ezeamuzie et al., 2022; Fan et al., 2020; Tse et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021). Library services adapt mobile technologies to simplify patrons' access to library resources (Chaloeyprach and Ketmuni, 2021; Dukic et al., 2015). Mobile libraries are dispersed throughout various application domains (Li and Liu, 2017; Chan et al., 2022). The mobile library service lets patrons access all library materials from multiple applications. Future mobile libraries can support libraries in their efforts to become more effective knowledge creators (Xie et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2023). Hoy (2015) examined the IoT benefits for libraries in inventory control, mobile payments, mobile reference, resource availability, room configuration, and so on, and discussed how a beacon, as a readily available IoT device, can provide location information, event announcements, wayfinding, and item recommendations. Hahn (2017) investigated the significance of IoT in library location services through mobile technology, library mobile apps, library automation, service development and innovation, and potential economic opportunities.
Further, the exponential rise in mobile phone use has significantly changed how all library patrons seek information, pushing librarians and other information workers to reevaluate how they provide library services (Dukic et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). Academic libraries are switching from physical to more technologically based service delivery (Li, 2013; Wong and Chiu, 2023) and letting patrons access library resources via the mobile Internet (Dei, 2020; Ding et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2022). All these advancements in mobile technologies and the diffusion of mobile applications have provided many opportunities for maturing IoT applications from physical to application layers (Chiu and Ho, 2022), further enhanced with artificial intelligence and other technologies to form smart libraries (Kelner et al., 2022).
Research gap
Despite quantitative and qualitative studies examining librarians' perspectives on IoT, the reasons influencing these perspectives remain unclear. Thus, the ABC (affect, behavior, and cognition) model of attitudes developed by Breckler (1984) has been one of the most recognized models for attitude research and as coding guidance to identify the three key components of the ABC model and conduct the thematic analysis of this research.
Additionally, few studies evaluate the perception, existing problems, and the improvement of adopting IoT in East Asia. Moreover, most research focused on investigating the perception of students instead of librarians. Thus, this study examines Hong Kong librarians' perceptions of IoT applications in libraries and the problems and improvements in IoT technology to strengthen library service. The research questions are as follows:
Methodology
Given the difficulty in quantifying how IoT technologies are utilized in libraries, collecting participant viewpoints through qualitative interviews is preferable. According to the research conducted by (Lo and Chiu, 2015), face-to-face interviews enable “unexpected” responses and discourses. Natural and free conversational interviews allow for more open, spontaneous, and rapid exchanges of ideas without any predetermined expectations from the researchers. Follow-up questions allow participants to clarify their replies and check them against the researchers' understanding.
The qualitative data were gathered from academic librarians in Hong Kong as it may gain from this study's focus on collecting data from the target sector. Emails were sent to the eleven Hong Kong tertiary institutions' libraries and social media (Facebook) groups to invite academic librarians to participate. The faculty-level ethics committee approved this research.
Since this research investigates how IoT is implemented in academic libraries to enhance the quality of library services and realize the goal of smart libraries, it is more appropriate to invite individuals who have a comprehensive understanding of both library operations and IoT technology. Therefore, professional academic library staff members with a comprehensive understanding of IoT and libraries were invited to participate in our interview.
A library IoT introduction video was shown to illustrate their function, processes, pros and cons, and other relevant topics before the interviews to ensure the data collection procedures (interview) went smoothly, even though our interviewees were only library staff with a thorough understanding of IoT and libraries. We have provided definitions and examples of typical types of IoT technologies in libraries for the appropriate interview questions (For the supplemental material, see Appendix 1).
The video conferencing software, Zoom, was used to conduct one-on-one, semi-structured interviews through open-ended questions. Each interview lasted 30–60 min, and the entire interview process was video-recorded with the participants' permission. Participants' real names were replaced by pseudonyms (such as P1, P2, etc.).
Results and analysis
Table 1 depicts the demographic information collected from the first section of each interview. The sample consisted of ten individuals from five different university branches or main libraries in Hong Kong, namely Hong Kong Baptist University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Lingnan University, and The University of Hong Kong. As the collected information reached saturation with the tenth participant, we stopped the interview process. Three participants were female, and their ages ranged from 24 to 42. While prior training of IoT was not a prerequisite for participation, only one of the respondents had prior formal training of IoT before participating in the study (see Table 1 - note the participants' gender, organization, and position are not tabulated to protect their privacy).
Following the thematic analysis process, the qualitative data were analyzed through six steps: familiarization, coding, generating themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and writing up (Attride-Stirling, 2001; Braun and Clarke, 2006; Crabtree and Miller, 1999). After the interviews, all interviews were transcribed for the subsequent coding process. Next, following the lead of the ABC model, the transcribed text was further categorized as contents that fell within each of the three categories.
Regarding affective responses, 4 participants displayed positive emotions such as optimistic, positive, excited, and believe. In addition, almost all participants also expressed their gratitude for IoT technology in the library. For example:
I feel positive about bringing IoT technology into our library.
I am excited about incorporating IoT technology into our library.
I am optimistic about the potential advantages of implementing IoT in the library.
Participants respond to the impact of behavior between their work and IoT applications. Most participants reported that IoT improved daily operations and provided better service to patrons, which enhanced their willingness to learn IoT. For example:
I would seek IoT management or development training proactively if it helps me better serve our customers and improve our operations.
If mobile tools applied to my job responsibilities and if training and support were offered, I would be open to learning how to use them.
To make sure we are giving our users the best support possible, I believe it is crucial for library staff to stay current with new technologies and trends.
When participants talked about their cognition of IoT, they were based on the benefit to the library. Words or phrases mentioned in the interviews include: improve efficiency, helpful, enhance service quality, streamline, and useful. For example:
It can provide users personalized services, such as setting notifications on their mobile phones to improve and enhance service quality.
Internet of Things technology can potentially streamline some library processes.
IoT technology can potentially be useful for many aspects of my work, including data analysis, collection security, and inventory management.
Following this process, participants' opinions regarding IoT implementation in the library can be divided into three themes: perception about applying IoT technology to the library, problems, and improvements in using IoT tools. Except for the participants' general optimism that IoT is a beneficial technology, the analysis found several causes of the neutral feelings and anticipated/existing problems. The three theme tables (Appendixes 2 to 4) correspond to RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3.
Academic librarians' perceptions and attitudes of IoT applications (RQ1)
All participants expressed positive views towards incorporating IoT technology in the library, as long as it is done intelligently and with user privacy and security in mind. Participants believed that implementing IoT technology could improve the library's offerings and provide better services overall. They also expressed optimism about the potential advantages of IoT in the library and were excited about incorporating this technology. Participants believed IoT technology might provide better services if implemented safely and effectively.
All participants were willing to learn IoT technology, with many indicating they would be interested in proactively seeking IoT management or development training. Participants believed library staff should stay current with new technologies and trends to provide users with the best support possible. They were open to learning how to use mobile tools and building IoT applications if it related to their duties at work and if they received the necessary training and support. Participants found IoT technology easy to learn and believed it was simple and convenient for younger librarians.
Participants believed that implementing IoT technology in the library could improve services and operations by providing real-time data and insights for resource allocation. They believed that using sensors to monitor material usage could help develop collections wisely and ensure that the library is meeting the needs of its users. IoT technology could provide users with personalized services and enhance service quality. Participants also believed that IoT technology could streamline some library processes, reduce labor costs, and reduce the chance of errors. They mentioned that RFID technology was used to track and manage library materials and could be used to locate library resources for patrons. IoT technology could improve user identification and tracking, inventory management, security, user experience, collection management, and tracking of library materials.
Problems with libraries in Hong Kong using IoT technologies (RQ2)
Participants also expressed concerns regarding privacy and security when implementing IoT technology in libraries. Participants noted that more complex privacy protection and security measures may be required to address these concerns. Additionally, one participant mentioned that a university did not implement face recognition technology due to security reasons.
Participants also expressed concerns about errors when using IoT technology in libraries. One participant mentioned encountering an error while using a machine and was unsure why it could not scan, highlighting the importance of ensuring that IoT technology is reliable and functions properly to avoid user frustration and inconvenience.
Furthermore, the study highlighted the importance of information literacy for users using IoT technology in libraries. Participants mentioned that some older users might find it challenging to use IoT technology, and one participant noted that a user did not know what Hong Kong Academic Library Link (HKALL) books were or what university library books were. This underscores the need for libraries to provide adequate training and support to users to ensure they can use IoT technology effectively.
Possible improvements in IoT technology to strengthen library service (RQ3)
Participants pointed out several areas where IoT technology can be improved to enhance the library experience for users. Participants suggested incorporating facial recognition technology into the library, introducing advanced RFID technology, and introducing collections' identification technology across different universities. Additionally, one participant mentioned that IoT technology would be useful for plotting data and indicating patterns. Incorporating facial recognition technology into the library could enhance security measures and streamline the borrowing and returning process by automatically identifying users. However, it is important to consider privacy concerns related to the use of facial recognition technology, as participants also expressed concerns regarding privacy and security. Introducing advanced RFID technology could improve the efficiency of library operations, making it easier to track and manage books and other materials.
Additionally, introducing collections' identification technology across different universities could streamline inter-library loan services, making it easier for users to access materials from other institutions. Finally, the suggestion that IoT technology could help collect and analyze data to inform decision-making. By plotting data and indicating patterns, libraries could gain insights into user behavior and preferences, allowing them to make data-driven decisions to improve the library experience for users.
Discussion and suggestions
Perception/attitude of IoT applications for academic libraries (RQ1)
Participants showed favorable perceptions and attitudes toward adopting IoT applications in libraries and anticipated that integrating IoT would considerably improve the quality of library services. They agreed that IoT technology could benefit their profession and wanted to learn more about it, and saw IoT as a simple and convenient technology that younger librarians could easily learn. The findings align with the existing literature. In librarians' perception, IoT applications are useful because they can meet users' informational needs (Kaushik, 2019).
Participants reported that more students favor the library implementing new IoT technologies to enhance its services, aligning with Sinha and Brar (2021). The findings emphasize IoT's potential benefits in libraries, such as increased user experience, efficiency, and personalized services. According to participants, IoT may help automate mundane chores, track library resources, and enhance user communication. They further expressed excitement about the potential of IoT to convert libraries into more dynamic and interactive locations that can meet the changing demands of their users. The findings imply that Hong Kong academic librarians are receptive to IoT applications and are eager to adopt this technology to improve library services.
Participants see IoT as a valuable instrument that has the potential to revolutionize their profession. They voiced the idea that IoT applications might assist libraries in providing more personalized services, allowing them to better fulfill their patrons' demands. Librarians can gather data about their users' preferences and behavior by utilizing IoT technology, which can then be used to adapt services to their unique needs (Xu, 2022), resulting in a better overall library experience for users.
Participants also recognized the potential benefits of adopting IoT to improve library resource management. Librarians can monitor resource usage and alter allocation by integrating IoT technology, resulting in more effective resource utilization. Furthermore, IoT technology has the potential to automate library workflows, reducing the need for manual processes and freeing up librarians' time to focus on other vital responsibilities (De Sarkar, 2022; Lin et al., 2022). It implies the potential of IoT in improving library services and user experiences, and thus the need to incorporate this technology in creating future library services.
Our findings have highlighted the importance of IoT training and education for librarians. Although participants thought IoT technology was easy to use, they recognized it would take some training to comprehend and maximize its potential in libraries properly. Librarians should enrich their knowledge and skills to maximize library IoT technology, such as understanding how to use IoT devices, integrating them into library services, and troubleshooting emerging issues. As a result, Hong Kong libraries and library associations should better equip librarians with training and resources to learn more about IoT and its applications in library services, while related knowledge should be integrated into the curricula of associated programs (Li and Chiu, 2022; Ng et al., 2022; Yew et al., 2022). This allows librarians to stay current with technological advancements and provide high-quality services to their consumers.
Additionally, IoT-savvy librarians can assist in bridging the digital divide and offer older users access to technology. While IoT can potentially transform library services, librarians should be fully trained and prepared to make the most of new technology (Echedom and Kakiri, 2021). Librarians can also set up virtual communities of practice on social media to connect users, volunteers, interns, and LIS students to promote IoT technologies, services, and related educational aids (Jiang et al., 2023; Lei et al., 2021; Leung et al., 2023).
Although librarians may be enthusiastic about IoT, users should embrace and use these technologies. Thus, libraries should actively engage with users to determine their requirements and expectations when incorporating IoT applications in library services while providing adequate user training (Cheng et al., 2022; Xue et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2020) and promotion (Cheng et al., 2020; Lam et al., 2019, 2023). Libraries may ensure that their IoT applications are user-friendly and meet the demands of their patrons by doing so. Taking user input into account can also assist libraries in identifying potential issues and limitations with their IoT applications, allowing them to make required adjustments and enhancements. The findings imply that libraries may design IoT applications that are successful, efficient, and widely embraced by their users by considering both librarian and user viewpoints.
Our findings provide valuable insights into Hong Kong librarians' perceptions and attitudes toward library IoT applications. Participants' positive sentiments indicate that IoT can potentially boost Hong Kong library services. However, libraries should provide enough training and resources to librarians to properly utilize IoT technology and communicate with users to guarantee that IoT applications satisfy their requirements and expectations (Echedom and Kakiri, 2021; Lin et al., 2022).
Problems with academic libraries using IoT technologies (RQ2)
The findings shed light on libraries' obstacles while implementing these technologies. They highlight a fundamental issue: the necessity for more complex privacy and security safeguards when employing IoT devices in libraries (Hui et al., 2023). This is especially important given the sensitive nature of library material, including personal and financial information (Hung et al., 2007). Because the usage of IoT devices in libraries increases the danger of data breaches and unauthorized access to information, libraries should have suitable security mechanisms to secure their data, such as encryption, firewalls, and access controls. Libraries should also assess the risks of third-party suppliers providing IoT devices and services and ensure their security protocols match the required standards. Furthermore, libraries should train their employees on the safe usage and management of IoT devices and identify and respond to security concerns. The findings imply the necessity of privacy and security safeguards in using IoT technology in libraries, and it offers essential recommendations for libraries on how to avoid the associated risks.
Another important finding is that universities may avoid integrating specific IoT technology due to security concerns. One university that chose not to implement face recognition technology due to the accompanying security issues demonstrates this problem, implying the importance of thoroughly examining the hazards associated with each technology before implementing it into library systems. Before adopting any IoT devices, libraries should conduct a thorough risk assessment to avoid jeopardizing users' privacy and security. Thus, this study emphasizes the need to ensure that IoT technologies are installed securely to protect against potential security breaches or privacy violations (Massis, 2016). Before implementing new IoT technologies, libraries must be aware of the potential risks and take the appropriate procedures to mitigate them.
Our findings indicated a primary obstacle to recognizing and troubleshooting technical issues that may develop when using these IoT devices, as brought up by a participant who reported experiencing an error when using a machine and was puzzled why it could not scan. This means libraries must teach staff to handle and address common technical issues that may develop while employing IoT devices. This finding is consistent with the existing literature. Most libraries frequently struggle to find staff members with the required IT knowledge and experience to set up library services using IoT technology (Potnis et al., 2016). In addition to training their personnel, libraries should establish a dependable support structure to address any technical concerns. Examples of this are having a specialized IT team or cooperating with the device maker for technical support. By taking these procedures, libraries should ensure that their IoT devices are operational and that their staff can successfully use them to serve their patrons.
According to the findings, older people may have difficulty using IoT devices. This finding is crucial because it emphasizes the importance of making IoT devices accessible and user-friendly for all library users, regardless of age or technological competence, for inclusive support (Cheung et al., 2021). This finding is consistent with the existing literature. Lack of training, technical skills, time, awareness, or knowledge constitutes a major barrier to IoT applications (Mansour, 2016). Libraries can address this issue by providing training sessions or tutorials that help people understand how to utilize these devices.
Furthermore, libraries should ensure that the IoT devices have clear and intuitive interfaces that are simple to use, especially for persons who are not technically sophisticated (Kelner et al., 2022). By following these steps, libraries can ensure that all users, regardless of age or technical proficiency, can access and use IoT devices effectively. This is especially crucial as IoT devices grow increasingly common in libraries and other public areas, and it is critical to ensure that everyone benefits from technology improvements (Lo et al., 2017).
Several considerations must be carefully considered while implementing IoT technologies in libraries. First is the security and privacy of library users (Echedom and Kakiri, 2021). Before introducing new technologies, libraries should install suitable security protocols and undertake a thorough risk assessment (Farooqui et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2019). Furthermore, libraries should ensure that their personnel is well-versed in troubleshooting common technical issues that may develop while employing IoT devices, especially through diversified training (Khan et al., 2022).
Furthermore, libraries should have a dependable support structure to address any technical issues since this helps ensure users have a favorable experience with IoT devices. Finally, libraries should ensure that IoT devices are easy to use and accessible to all users, regardless of age or technical ability. This can be accomplished by providing training sessions or tutorials on using these devices and ensuring the interfaces are clear and straightforward. Libraries may successfully incorporate these technologies and improve the services they give to their communities by prioritizing user security and privacy, providing proper training and support, and ensuring that IoT devices are user-friendly (Mansour, 2016).
The research findings on challenges with Hong Kong libraries implementing IoT technology emphasize the significance of resolving security and privacy concerns, providing proper training and support for staff, and ensuring that devices are user-friendly and accessible to all library customers. The findings are consistent with the existing literature. The lack of funding, the high cost of IoT installation, library users who need training, software bugs, and a decline in physical library resources are some obstacles to implementing the IoT in library services (Echedom and Kakiri, 2021). Libraries can successfully deploy IoT technologies and provide better services and experiences to their patrons by addressing these concerns.
Possible improvements in using IoT technologies to strengthen library service (RQ3)
Participants mentioned a potential enhancement of incorporating facial recognition technology into library services. This technology can help identify library visitors and deliver personalized recommendations and reminders, dramatically improving patrons' overall experience while enhancing library services' efficiency. This finding is consistent with the existing literature. The human face is a strong non-intrusive biometric for user identification within library management, so using face recognition as a security parameter makes sense (Upala and Wong, 2019). However, it is critical to consider privacy concerns and ensure proper safeguards are in place to protect patrons' personal information (Hui et al., 2023; Hung et al., 2007). The implementation of facial recognition technology must be transparent and follow applicable data privacy laws and regulations. The findings imply that using facial recognition technology in library services has the potential to revolutionize the way library services are offered, but it must be done with prudence and sufficient regard for patron privacy concerns.
Libraries continually seek ways to improve their services and streamline their operations. The introduction of advanced RFID technology is one potential upgrade. Libraries can utilize RFID tags to track books and other materials more quickly, allowing for more effective inventory management. Librarians should spend less time mechanically counting and organizing books and more time supporting patrons with their research needs (Bayani et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2022). RFID technology can also help automate library processes such as check-in and checkout, saving librarians time and improving the patron experience by allowing them to check out books more quickly and easily without waiting in long queues (Bayani et al., 2017). The implementation of advanced RFID technology in libraries has the potential to significantly improve their operations and make them more user-friendly for patrons.
Another important advancement in library services has been the creation of mobile apps (Chan et al., 2022) and web-based interfaces (Fung et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). The accessibility and convenience of library services have increased due to these technological developments, which have made it simpler for users to access library resources and services via their smartphones or computers. IoT technology can further enhance library services in addition to mobile apps and web-based interfaces. This finding is consistent with the existing literature. Mobile applications may be modified to simplify library service for patrons to access library resources by employing IoT technologies (Chaloeyprach and Ketmuni, 2021; Cheung et al., 2021). Also, contactless services can reduce infection and have aroused wide attention during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (Ho et al., 2023a, b; Huang et al., 2021, 2022, 2023; Leung et al., 2022; Yi and Chiu, 2023; Wu et al., 2023).
Libraries can improve their services by offering personalized services like setting notifications on users' mobile phones (Hong et al., 2007; Xu, 2022), which can be further enhanced by matching user locations with resources and events. These notifications can inform users of approaching deadlines or events, recommend new readings based on previous readings, or let them know if requested materials are still available, which is especially effective if the users are physically near the resources or event venues. Libraries can increase user satisfaction and engagement by providing personalized services, resulting in more frequent use and patronage. Incorporating mobile technology into library services has significantly improved and can potentially transform library user interactions (Lau et al., 2017, 2020; Yip et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2023).
The suggestion of using IoT to collect data and find patterns has the potential to be a significant tool for library administrators. Libraries can learn how their services are used by monitoring and analyzing library patrons' behaviors and usage patterns. For example, IoT sensors can be strategically placed throughout the library to track user movement and determine mostly used areas. Besides saving energy for temperature control and lighting (Ho et al., 2023a, b), this data can assist librarians in making educated decisions about distributing resources, such as providing extra seats or increasing the number of books in high-traffic areas (Zheng et al., 2023).
IoT can also be used to collect data on how patrons engage with digital resources by tracking which online resources are popular and which are not, allowing them to make educated decisions about which subscriptions to renew or cancel. The finding is consistent with the existing literature. Academic libraries are transitioning from physically-based service delivery to more technologically based (Li, 2013). The use of IoT to collect data and detect usage trends has the potential to deliver significant insights that will assist libraries in better serving their patrons.
In sum, our findings reveal potential enhancements to IoT technology for strengthening library services. Libraries might increase productivity and give a better experience for patrons by combining facial recognition technology, advanced RFID systems, and collection identification technology, as well as utilizing IoT to plot data and suggest patterns. However, careful analysis of the potential consequences, as well as collaboration between library staff and patrons, will be required to find the most effective and feasible ways to make these enhancements.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this research demonstrated that participants generally have a positive perception of the potential of IoT in libraries. They wanted to learn and participate in IoT management or development training. Implementing IoT in libraries may present challenges like security issues, inadequate IT experts, and budgetary constraints. Future work should address these challenges and provide more comprehensive materials to participants unfamiliar with IoT. Additionally, it would be valuable to include a broader range of library departments and position levels in future studies to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of IoT implementation in libraries. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the attitudes and perspectives of library professionals toward IoT and highlights the need for further research in this area.
As libraries evolve and modernize, it is critical to investigate how these IoT advancements can connect with existing library systems and processes. Working closely with library employees to identify problem spots and areas for development that can benefit from IoT technologies is vital. Collaborations of this type may also include testing the compatibility of various IoT technologies with existing library infrastructure, which may necessitate adjustments to the current system. User feedback ensures that modifications align with their needs and preferences. This assists library personnel in providing a better user experience for patrons while also enhancing the general efficiency of the library. By incorporating IoT technologies into library systems, staff can save time by automating mundane chores like book tracking and inventory management. IoT technology can also give real-time data that can be utilized to improve resource allocation and optimize library operations. Integrating IoT advancements with current library systems and processes can enhance library services and assist libraries in keeping up with the fast-changing digital landscape.
Examining the possible influence of these IoT advancements on library operations and resource allocation is one subject for future research. For example, implementing facial recognition technology or advanced RFID systems may necessitate significant financial expenditure, and cost-benefit studies may be required to decide whether these investments are viable. Additionally, the potential impact of these advances on library employees, including any necessary training or modifications to work responsibilities, must be considered. It is critical to assess if technological improvements can improve the efficiency and efficacy of library operations and the overall user experience for library patrons. Facial recognition technology, for example, may be used to identify library users and provide more personalized services, while an improved RFID system can streamline the process of checking out and returning library goods.
However, potential data privacy and security issues and any ethical consequences of using these technologies must be considered. As a result, any research in this field must be comprehensive, considering various aspects such as financial feasibility, staff training and job responsibilities, user experience, privacy, and ethics. The ultimate goal of such research would be to discover whether IoT advancements may assist libraries in better serving their users and achieving their mission of providing access to information and knowledge.
The research has identified numerous places where IoT technology can be used to improve library services. According to the findings, incorporating IoT technology can help in various ways, including automating mundane processes, boosting access to materials and services, and improving overall user experience. Before adopting these changes, it is critical to consider the potential impact on patron privacy and the integrity of library services. Adequate safeguards are necessary to protect user data and the confidentiality of library resources. Furthermore, determining the most effective and feasible ways to apply these enhancements, which will necessitate additional research and trial, is critical. The study concludes that, while IoT technology offers a promising path for improving library services, it is critical to proceed cautiously, ensuring that patron privacy and the fundamental principles of library services are protected.
Table 1
Participants' demographics
| ID | Education | Repetitive tasks | Technical background | Prior IoT knowledge |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | LIM | Make workshop materials | Nil | Nil |
| P2 | LIM | Teach students to use IoT technology; and teach IoT using Raspberry Pi Kit | Nil | Nil |
| P3 | IM | Search books from different publishers' websites | SQL, Python, C++, C#, C etc. | Nil |
| P4 | IM | Make workshop materials | Database, python | Nil |
| P5 | Electronic engineering | To develop and support IT services; digital humanities; Digital transformation | Proficient in some coding languages | Yes |
| P6 | LIM | Do some research on the library, analyze data, etc., and fulfill the government's grant requirements | Python | Yes |
| P7 | IM | Develop simple programs for data automation | Python, JavaScript, C# etc. | Nil |
| P8 | LIM | Check collections' online availability | Nil | Nil |
| P9 | LIM | Develop workshop materials | Nil | Nil |
| P10 | LIM | Use Excel to check projects' progress | Python | Nil |
Note(s): LIM – Library and Information Management; IM – Information Management.
Source(s): Created by authors
Table A1
Perceptions of IoT applications in academic libraries
| Theme | Example quotations | Coding |
|---|---|---|
| Positive views regarding IoT application in the library | P3: I am optimistic about incorporating IoT technology into our library as long as it is done intelligently and with user privacy and security in mind | - Optimistic about incorporating IoT technology in the library |
| P9: I believe that these applications help us provide better services overall | - IoT apps improve the library's offerings | |
| P2: IoT is important, but most importantly, it is whether IoT can help the reader and library to operate more efficiently | - Important library tools | |
| Willingness to learn IoT | P1: Yes, I would be interested in proactively asking for IoT management or development training as it can help me stay current with new technologies and trends in the library field | - Willing to study IoT |
| P2: If they are young librarians, they can learn through the internet | - Simple and convenient for younger librarians to learn | |
| P2: It is actually not difficult to learn at the user level, so I am willing to learn | - Feel easy to learn IoT as a user | |
| Benefits of IoT application in library | P3: I think implementing IoT in our library could improve our services and operations by providing real-time data and insights, which could help us make informed decisions about allocating resources | - Improve library services and operations by providing real-time data and insights for resource allocation |
| P6: It can provide users with personalized services, such as setting notifications on their mobile phones to improve and enhance service quality | - Personalization to improve and enhance service quality | |
| P6: It can really make our work more efficient, so I will also be very happy to use or learn | - Makes work more efficient | |
| P6: I think IoT services in libraries can be convenient for users | - IoT is convenient | |
| P6: I think IoT can reduce labor costs and reduce the chance of errors | - Reduce labor costs | |
| P2: Students can use the book borrowing and returning machine more easily, reducing the chance of making mistakes | ||
| P4: One example is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, which we use to track and manage our library materials | - Improve user identification and tracking | |
| P5: These technologies can improve efficiency in inventory management, security, and user experience | - Overall better services | |
| P4: We use a handheld RFID device to provide location-based services to our patrons, such as finding library resources for patrons | - Locate library resources for clients using a portable RFID device | |
| P8: IoT technology has the potential to be useful for many aspects of my work, including data analysis, collection security, and inventory management | - IoT could help data analysis, collection security, and inventory management |
Table A2
Problems of IoT applications in academic libraries
| Theme | Example quotations | Coding |
|---|---|---|
| Privacy and security concerns | P5: However, privacy and security concerns must also be addressed | - More complex privacy protection and security measures may be required |
| P3: It could, however, be hazardous if not implemented properly and user privacy is not appropriately secured | - Hazardous if not implemented properly and user privacy is not secured | |
| Error occurrence | P6: When we were using this machine at that time, we also encountered an error. I don't know why it couldn't scan | - Encountered an error while using a machine and is unsure of the reason why it couldn't scan |
| Information literacy | P2: The user didn't know what HKALL books was and what university library books were | - Some older users may find it challenging to use |
| Expensive to implement IoT in library | P7: Implementing IoT technology for inventory management could potentially be costly and require extensive technical knowledge | - Implementing IoT for inventory management could be costly and require technical knowledge |
| Difficulty of implementation of IoT in library | P7: Depending on the level of technological competence and resources available, managing mobile applications in our library could be both simple and challenging. To ensure that the apps are user-friendly and effective, thorough planning and implementation would be required | - Managing mobile apps in library could be simple or challenging depending on resources and planning |
| P1: I think it could be both simple and difficult depending on the specific tools and applications being used. Some may be easier to implement and manage while others may require more technical expertise | - IoT tools require technical expertise and infrastructure, making implementation difficult |
Table A3
Suggestions for improvement
| Theme | Example quotations | Coding |
|---|---|---|
| Suggestions for improvement | P3: Some improvements for IoT in our library include using it to more efficiently manage access to the library and its resources, track and manage our collections more accurately, prevent theft, and deliver more tailored services to users | - IoT can be used to manage access, track collections, prevent theft, and provide tailored services to users |
| P6: I think it might be possible to introduce facial recognition technology | - Can incorporate facial recognition technology into the library | |
| P6: I think we can improve the RFID technology | - Introduce advanced RFID technology | |
| P6: If some identification technology can be introduced, library work can be simplified by being able to identify which university collections are from when exchanging books | - Introduce collections identification technology across different universities | |
| P2: It can plot data into a certain system. You can see how many people came in an hour, and you can see the pattern | - Useful for IoT to plot data and indicate the patterns | |
| P5: ROI is a key factor to consider | - ROI (Return on investment) is a key factor | |
| P7: We could save time and resources by automating certain operations, such as determining which books are checked out and which are accessible | - Automating certain operations can save time and resources in the library | |
| P8: Training and support for library users and staff might receive more attention | - Library workers and patrons may receive extra training and support | |
| P8: In order to create a more seamless and user-friendly experience, IoT could also be integrated with other library technologies | - IoT could be linked with other library technologies to improve usability | |
| P9: Libraries could work to increase IoT technology's usability and accessibility by offering training sessions or loaner devices to users who might not otherwise have access to the technology | - Training or loaner devices could help libraries make IoT technology more accessible and useable | |
| P10: The application of IoT in our library could be improved in a number of ways, such as by offering more individualised recommendations and search results, making it possible to track and organise library materials more effectively, providing real-time updates on their availability, enhancing security measures and making it possible to detect missing materials more effectively, and introducing more secure and effective methods of user authentication.” | - IoT could improve recommendations and search results, tracking and organizing library materials, providing real-time updates on their availability, enhancing security and detecting missing materials, and improving user authentication |
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