1. Introduction
Over the past 40 years of China’s Reform and Opening Up, rural economic construction has continued to develop through the continuous deepening of rural reforms. Since 2005, especially after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the No. 1 central document of the Central Committee has repeatedly emphasized traditional culture and rural revitalization. Cultural self-confidence, traditional exploration and inheritance, rural revitalization, and harmonious rural areas are imperative as national strategies. However, in the process of rural social development, there are still shortcomings in the inheritance of traditional culture and the construction of rural characteristics, and many traditional architectural cultures and construction wisdom in the region have been lost. In some areas, modern rural buildings have a crude image and inappropriate or wasteful space, and there are problems such as varying degrees of energy consumption exceeding standards and environmental pollution. Overall, rural construction and the inheritance of local culture have become important issues. Specifically for specific regions, how to rely on the natural and cultural environment of the area and combine it with modern production and living needs to improve the quality of the living environment has become an important goal. From the perspective of architecture, the following scientific endeavors need to be urgently solved: first is to explore tradition, systematically extract and save traditional residential cultural resources, and construct a database; the second is to connect with the present, inherit, apply, and explore the modern transformation and application of traditional residential culture, and construct an operable strategy and model system.
This study takes the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi as an example to respond to the development strategy of rural revitalization in China at the level of architecture. In response to the insufficient exploration and inheritance of regional traditional architectural culture, innovative solutions were attempted from a professional perspective. By systematically and holistically examining the traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, this study committed to exploring and inheriting the modern transformation and application of regional traditional local culture, providing support for the inheritance of rural culture and the improvement of the living environment in Guangxi. Firstly, carried out the excavation of traditional architectural types, determined genealogy zoning, and discovered associated mechanisms. The natural conditions and historical culture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi are diverse and complex. In the process of cultural integration and intersection of residential base types, regional architecture presents spatial differentiation and regional representation. Therefore, around the genealogy construction, exploring the genealogy zoning, type characteristics, spatial differentiation, origin tracing, and related mechanisms of traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi is becoming a current urgent issue and a key scientific problem. Secondly, cultural inheritance should be integrated with the current situation, and a modern residential strategy and model system should be constructed. How does the architectural characteristic genealogy dynamically develop and transform for application in today’s rural construction? How are cultural heritage and livable space achieved? Scientific, theoretical analysis and empirical research are required. Therefore, this study aimed to explore tradition, connect with modernity, and construct s genealogy and information database of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. Based on the transformation of tradition, this study attempted to establish a modern construction strategy and model system, resulting in innovation in perspective and results that have important theoretical and practical significance.
2. Research Review
2.1. Research Background and Review
Genealogy theory, as a classification and analysis method, has played an important role in multiple disciplinary fields since its proposal by French philosopher Michel Foucault. It helps with the in-depth investigation of the origin, development, evolution, and internal laws of things. In the field of anthropology, the application of genealogy theory is mainly reflected in the study of clan lineages, genealogies, and species change systems [1]. In the field of linguistics, it is mainly reflected in the classification and division of languages, as well as in the study of the evolution trends and rules between languages [2]. In the field of biology, it mainly manifests in the exploration and presentation of biological evolution, evolutionary processes, classification, and conservation research [3]. With the rapid development of interdisciplinary fields, the theory of genealogy has extended to the field of architecture, gradually become a research hotspot, and been used to sort out the classification of architectural lineages and prototype characteristics in different regions, and the construction of traditional architectural lineages is an important part of its research.
From the perspectives of linguistic and ethnic genealogy, the focus is on the characteristics, origins, and evolution patterns of traditional architecture in different ethnic groups and dialect regions. Methods for classifying vernacular architecture genealogy based on language families and branches have been proposed, aiming to clarify the genealogy of vernacular architecture and explore the origins and connection mechanisms of different regions [4]. Academician Chang Qing and his team from Tongji University proposed the method for dividing the genealogy of local architecture based on language families and dialects and studied the prototypical characteristics and distribution patterns of each genealogy classification from five aspects: village morphology, courtyard types, etc., [5]. On the basis of the regional architectural zoning method based on language connection, the relevant scholars of the team sorted out the architectural genealogy of local Chinese dialects such as Gan, Cantonese, Min, and Hui [6]. A team led by Lu Yuanding and Lu Qi from South China University of Technology proposed to study traditional dwellings from the perspective of ethnic groups, using a combination of humanities, dialects, and natural conditions. Based on the zoning method of traditional dwellings with ethnic groups as the link, they sorted out the living styles, behaviors, patterns, and evolution processes of some ethnic dwellings such as Guangfu, Xianggan, Yuehai, Minhai, and Hakka [7,8].
From the perspective of cultural geography, by analyzing the spatial distribution and differentiation patterns of traditional architecture and their influencing factors, principles and methods for cultural zoning have been established, and the cultural landscape characteristics and causes of each cultural zone have been discussed [9]. A team led by Xiao Dawei from South China University of Technology proposed the concept of Residential Cultural Geography from the perspective of cultural geography and conducted research on traditional villages and their dwellings in the Pearl River Delta region of China [10]. At present, research work has been completed in some areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, etc. The research mainly involves the evolution of traditional villages and residential types, spatial distribution, differentiation rules, cultural zoning, and cultural landscape characteristics [11]. A team led by Zhou Hongwei from Shaanxi Normal University proposed the concept of traditional residential geography, elaborated on the main research objects and methods of traditional residential geography, provided a new paradigm for studying traditional dwellings [12], and successively completed research on traditional residential geography issues in regions such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Jiangxi, and Anhui [13].
From the perspective of communication studies, traditional architectural types and construction techniques have been compared through the lenses of immigrant spirit, cultural transmission, and technical inheritance, analyzing their inheritance and changes during the transmission process [14,15]. A team led by Li Xiaofeng from Huazhong University of Science and Technology proposed to study vernacular architecture from the perspective of communication studies [16], analyze the changes in vernacular architecture in the process of cultural dissemination, and continue to pay attention to the morphological evolution of traditional villages and dwellings, as well as the evolution, inheritance, and protection of academies, theaters, and clubs. A team led by Tan Gangyi from Huazhong University of Science and Technology conducted research on traditional villages and dwellings from the perspectives of immigrant spirit, cultural dissemination, and technological inheritance. They focused on comparing the characteristics, evolution and inheritance of function, and form and construction techniques of traditional dwellings in the Jiangxi–Hubei region and immigrant corridors, as well as comparing the characteristic and origin evolution of village forms [17].
From the perspective of traditional construction, the construction techniques and design techniques of different cultural circles were explored, uncovering the origins and changes in traditional architectural construction and attempting to construct the zoning and genealogy of traditional construction techniques [18,19]. A team led by Li Zhen from Tongji University divided the types of rural architecture in China into six cultural circles, explored construction techniques and design technology systems of different cultural circles, and proposed the significance, ideas, and methods of the overall study of rural architecture construction techniques in the Pan Jiangnan region, as well as conducted research on the zoning and genealogy of traditional construction techniques in southern China [20]. A team led by Cheng Jianjun from South China University of Technology analyzed the factors of ancient architectural construction techniques in the four major cultural and geographical regions of Lingnan from the perspective of construction techniques and origins. They focused on the construction techniques and development laws of ancient Lingnan architecture and established the genealogy of wooden structures for Lingnan ancient architecture [21].
The modern inheritance research of traditional architecture has become an important topic in the field of architecture with the continuous deepening of its genealogy characteristics. Firstly, the introduction of theories such as generalized regional architecture and regional construction systems has laid a theoretical foundation for the deepening of inheritance strategies. By analyzing and applying traditional architectural elements in the region, scholars have explored modern transformation methods for regional architectural traditions, including the inheritance of the architectural and spatial context, as well as various suitable technical strategies employed to improve living environments and adapt to ecological environments [22,23,24]. Secondly, research on settlement ecological culture, living environment space, and their multidimensional adaptability has become an important direction. Through the exploration of the ecological culture of settlements in traditional residential forms, a series of green and low-carbon design methods and construction strategies have been proposed, providing strong support for the modern inheritance of traditional architecture [25,26,27]. Finally, the concept of appropriate technology and its localization transformation have become important components of the inheritance strategy. Usually, the most suitable technology is selected based on the actual situation of the regional economy, ecological environment, etc., to achieve a two-way adaptation and integration of modern technology and traditional technology [28,29].
Current research progress on traditional architecture in Guangxi mainly presents comprehensive characteristics of ethnicity, regionalism, and systematicity. Firstly, from the perspective of ethnic characteristics, this study covers the traditional architecture of multiple major ethnic minorities in Guangxi, including Zhuang, Dong, Miao, etc., and deeply analyzes the relationship between architectural features such as functionality, spatial layout, structural materials, detailed decoration, and the cultural connotations of ethnic groups [30]. From the perspective of regional characteristics, this study classified and divided traditional architecture in different regions of Guangxi based on factors such as geography, climate, and culture and explored the similarities and differences in traditional architecture in northern Guangxi, northeastern Guangxi, southeastern Guangxi, and their ways of adapting to the environment [31]. From the perspective of systemic characteristics, research has gradually become no longer limited to architectural theory and has begun to cross disciplinary applications. Through multiple perspectives such as architecture, ethnology, linguistics, sociology, anthropology, etc., traditional architecture is systematically analyzed to reveal its correlation with cultural geography, socioeconomy, historical changes, and other aspects, continuously promoting the diversified and in-depth development of research [32].
2.2. Research Object and Motivation
Guangfu Cultural District refers to the area where Cantonese and Guangfu culture are popular, including the Pearl River Delta, western Guangdong, and parts of northern Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, and southern Guangxi. The region has developed a unique traditional architectural culture and folk customs. Due to its wide area and large population, it has also formed various areas based on Cantonese dialects, mainly including Guangfu, Siyi, Gaoyang, Gouluo, Wuhua, Yongxun, and Qinlian. Among them, the three districts of Siyi, Gaoyang, and Wuhua only exist in Guangdong Province, the two districts of Yongxun and Qinlian only exist in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and the two districts of Guangfu and Gouluo exist simultaneously in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces, making them the two largest Cantonese dialect districts in terms of area. As one of the seven major areas of Cantonese dialect distribution, the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects covers east Guangxi, southeast Guangxi, and northwest Guangdong. Compared with the highly urbanized and culturally strong Guangfu area, the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects has a vast rural area and a lower urbanization rate. Its traditional architectural culture has long lacked effective attention and needs further exploration and application. The scope of this study, the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, mainly involves the three cities of Yulin, Guigang, and Wuzhou (Figure 1). The traditional architectural culture in this area exhibits strong regional characteristics and is closely linked with local customs. Based on their functions, traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi includes three categories: traditional public buildings, traditional dwellings, and historical environmental elements. From the perspective of architectural typology, these can be further divided into four styles (Figure 2): Three-Bay Single, Three-Bay Two-Corridor, Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang, and Cong-Cuo [33,34].
Current research on traditional architectural genealogy is becoming increasingly in-depth, transitioning from single-discipline theories and perspectives to interdisciplinary theories and methods. In terms of research content based on architectural typology theory, methods from cultural geography, communication studies, and sociology have been introduced. Through the combination of qualitative descriptive analysis with quantitative data research, the focus has shifted from summarizing and analyzing architectural characteristics to the multidimensional and multi-level study of cultural zoning, comparative characteristics, and evolutionary mechanisms [35,36]. In terms of research scope, interdisciplinary perspectives and methods involving language areas, ethnic groups, sub-ethnic groups, and immigration are used to break through administrative boundaries, forming a new cross-regional whole [37,38]. This study focused on the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. Research on the region’s traditional architectural genealogy is relatively limited, mainly concentrating on village type distribution and single-case analysis, often confined to aspects of regional architectural typology, cultural geography, and anthropology. Consequently, the research objects and outcomes lack comprehensiveness, with no systematic construction of traditional architectural genealogy or its modern transformation studies, lacking overall association and evolutionary mechanism studies. This research aimed to address the gaps in regional studies by attempting to construct the traditional architectural genealogy of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, discovering its zoning, associations, and evolutionary mechanisms and exploring its modern translation and application model systems for traditional architecture. The goal was to provide technical support for regional cultural protection, heritage transmission, and improvement of the rural living environment.
3. Materials and Methods
Due to the uneven geographical distribution of existing traditional villages and dwellings in the research area, this study combined information from the lists of traditional villages in China and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, as well as the current density distribution of villages within the research scope. A proportional random selection of well-preserved villages and dwellings was conducted for on-site sampling collection. At the same time, in order to meet the relative uniformity of the distribution of research points, appropriate supplements were made to the research points to further increase the coverage and credibility of the sample. Based on this sample selection process, this study conducted field research on 22 typical villages in 10 districts and counties of 3 cities in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. A total of 73 typical traditional buildings were selected as research samples, which ensured that the selected samples could represent the residential characteristics of the entire study area to a certain extent and reduce the potential bias caused by an uneven geographical distribution.
In addition, the genealogy construction of traditional buildings is a systematic and comprehensive technological integration method (Figure 3), including the construction of a traditional architecture database, feature system exploration, and genealogy regional division, involving empirical analysis and type extraction, interdisciplinary and mathematical statistics, digital technology, and other comprehensive research methods.
(1) Empirical Analysis and Type Extraction
This research was based on empirical analysis, type extraction, and the ArcGIS platform for database construction. On one hand, local chronicles, protection planning documentary materials, and other studies were used for the textual research of traditional architectural samples and their respective villages. On the other hand, field investigations, oral history interviews, and type identification and extraction methods were used to collect attribute data from environmental information such as orientation, topography, climate, ethnicity, and cultural geography, as well as sample information like type characteristics, temporal–spatial information, and cultural context. These data were used to construct a relatively complete and systematic traditional architecture database on the ArcGIS platform. Additionally, this research employed typology as the main research method, combined with morphology and graphical analysis, to extract characteristic elements of traditional architecture and explain the characteristic system of traditional architecture from the two aspects of architectural types and construction techniques.
(2) Interdisciplinary Analysis and Statistical Analysis
This research explored genealogical zoning based on interdisciplinary and statistical analysis. From the perspective of cultural geography, linguistic, historical, and geographical disciplines, dialect regions, historical administrative regions, topographical and climatic distributions, and other zoning scopes were analyzed. Through GIS data overlay, spatial analysis, and boundary overlay and adjustment, traditional architectural genealogy zoning was established. Additionally, based on the characteristic information in the architectural database, quantitative analysis was conducted to examine the correlation and differentiation characteristics between traditional architectural genealogy divisions and architectural features, tracing the origins of the architectural genealogy and uncovering its evolutionary patterns.
(3) Comprehensive Application of Digital Technology
This study obtained map boundary data, village coordinate data, and high-definition satellite images of villages through Guihuayun and Bigemap technology platforms. ArcMap was used to draw village sample distribution maps; CAD and Photoshop were used to draw village patterns, architectural sample distributions, and spatial forms; SketchUp and Rhino modeling software were used to construct three-dimensional models of villages and architectural samples; and digital chains and CityEngine software platforms were used to assist in the modern translation research of traditional architecture.
4. Results
4.1. Type Extraction and Genealogy Zoning
4.1.1. Database Construction
Based on the sample information obtained from field research, the database used the plane type of the research sample as the statistical classification standard, including basic feature data such as overall layout and important components.
For the overall layout, the database records the depth, width, depth-to-width ratio, and total area data for Three-Bay Single-style buildings and historical environmental elements. It also included the total depth, total width, depth-to-width ratio, total area, courtyard depth, and courtyard width data for Three-Bay Two-Corridor- and Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang-style buildings, as well as the main house depth, main house width, main house depth-to-width ratio, main house area, side house depth, side house area, courtyard depth, and courtyard width data for Cong-Cuo-style buildings.
For important components, the database includes average height and average width data for main gates, inner doors, and windows, average column diameter and average column base height data for eaves columns, and average width data for side corridors.
4.1.2. Type Recognition and Extraction
At the cultural and geographical level, the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi is located in the middle reaches of the Xijiang river system, with a dense population and numerous mountains and rivers. The relatively closed environment provides natural protection for the inheritance of historical and cultural heritage, preserving more of the original basic forms of traditional architecture. It has formed a differentiation of traditional building types within the Cantonese dialect area that distinguishes it from other areas. At the social and cultural level, the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi has rich regional cultural traditions, which have a certain promoting effect on the formation and shaping of cultural genes such as traditional architectural symbols and architectural spaces. For example, ancestral temple culture, community culture, temple birthday culture, and residential culture are closely connected. Most traditional villages are centered around ancestral halls, reflecting the deep integration of regional culture and settlement architecture. At the same time, Hakka culture exists in the form of a cultural island within the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi and has influenced its traditional architectural layout, functional order, and facade elements. Based on this, traditional public buildings and traditional dwellings in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi can be classified into the following four types (Figure 4).
Firstly, the Three-Bay Single style consists of a central hall with side spaces, forming an open-courtyard or no-courtyard three-bay single building. It is the most basic type of traditional single building in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, with the main buildings of courtyard houses developed from this prototype (Figure 4a).
Secondly, The Three-Bay Two-Corridor style is the most basic type of courtyard architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, consisting of courtyard walls, a courtyard, a main house, and “corridors”. The main gate is usually set on the east side of the courtyard, with the “corridors” symmetrically arranged on both sides of the courtyard. The main house is mostly a Three-Bay Single Style, and larger buildings may use a five-bay layout, forming a “Five-Bay Two-Corridor” layout. The Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style and Cong-Cuo style are derived from this basic type (Figure 4b).
Thirdly, The Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style consists of one or multiple Three-Bay Two-Corridor units, with the main gate in the center, aligned with the courtyard and the main house along the central axis. The wing rooms are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the courtyard, often in three or five bays, with two to four courtyards in depth (Figure 4c).
Fourthly, the Cong-Cuo-style prototype is divided into the main house and side houses, with the main house centrally located and similar in form to the Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style. The side houses are positioned on one or both sides of the main house, enclosing several small courtyards with the main house (Figure 4d).
4.1.3. Genealogy Zoning
There are three zones for traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, mainly predominated by “Tang-Xiang”-, “Cong-Cuo”-, and “Tang-Xiang and Cong-Cuo”-style buildings, respectively. There are also zones where “Single Building”, “Single Building and Tang-Xiang”, “Single Building and Cong-Cuo”, or “Single Building, Tang-Xiang, and Cong-Cuo” are predominant, although these are less common [39]. This forms a spatial pattern centered around “Tang-Xiang and Cong-Cuo” with “Cong-Cuo” “Tang-Xiang”, and “Single Building and Tang-Xiang/Cong-Cuo” surrounding it (Figure 5).
Firstly, regions dominated by “Tang-Xiang” are mainly located at the borders of Guigang and Wuzhou, as well as Xingye County in Yulin City. Secondly, regions dominated by “Cong-Cuo” are mainly located at the border between the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Yulin City and Hakka areas, as well as Cangwu County in Wuzhou City. Thirdly, regions dominated by “Tang-Xiang and Cong-Cuo” are primarily located at the intersections of Yulin, Guigang, and Wuzhou, as well as the border between Yulin City and Guangdong Province. Fourthly, regions where “Single Building and Tang-Xiang/Cong-Cuo” predominate are mainly located in Cenxi City, Wuzhou.
4.2. Feature Association Mechanism
4.2.1. Association with Hakka Architecture in Guangxi
The Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi is adjacent to Luchuan County and Bobai County, the largest Hakka settlements in Guangxi, and there are also small-scale Hakka settlements scattered within its area. These Hakka buildings mainly adopt two architectural forms: Tang-Heng-style and Hakka Round-Dragon Houses. These have a related influence on some types of traditional architecture in Guangxi Gouluo area.
Firstly, as one of the typical types of Hakka architecture (Figure 6), the Tang-Heng style is an important prototype of the plan and elevation forms of the Cong-Cuo style in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, namely the main house–side house plan form and the multisegmented elevation form. During the construction process, the two also form some differentiated features: (1) The main entrance of the Cong-Cuo style of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi is centered, and the exterior facade is relatively straight, divided into a three-section or five-section style, with the roof correspondingly adopting a three-section or five-section shape. (2) The exterior facade of the Hakka Tang-Heng style in Guangxi has a more diverse hierarchy, usually with three to five doors on the outside. The main entrance is centered, and the side doors are symmetrically arranged on both sides. The facade is generally divided into a seven-section or eleven-section style, and the roof is correspondingly designed in a five-section or nine-section shape.
Secondly, a Round-Dragon House is one of the typical types of Hakka architecture (Figure 7), with a large scale, symmetrical axis, orderly structure, and specific form. It is the traditional dwelling in Hakka walled villages with strong traditional Chinese etiquette, ethical concepts, and Fengshui consciousness. The Hakka Round-Dragon House contains Tang-Heng-style buildings, and the corresponding prototypes of the floor plan, the functional order, and the facade elements of the Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style and the Cong-Cuo style of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi can be found in a Hakka Round-Dragon House.
4.2.2. The Association with Traditional Architecture in Guangdong and Guangxi
The Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects spans Guangxi and Guangdong, forming a closely connected region of traditional architecture with common typological features that transcend the administrative boundaries of the two provinces. However, due to geographical barriers and cultural transmission constraints, the traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi and Guangdong still retains its respective cultural and geographical characteristics (Figure 8).
In terms of commonalities, traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in both Guangxi and Guangdong has developed multi-courtyard buildings based on the basic Three-Bay Two-Corridor layout, influenced by Hakka architecture and reflecting a blend of diverse cultural elements. Additionally, the two regions exhibit strong similarities in the types of wooden frameworks and the detailed forms and traditional methods of beams, columns, doors, windows, walls, and tiles. However, the level of decorative intricacy is generally higher in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangdong compared to Guangxi.
In terms of differences, single buildings in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi are mainly characterized by the Three-Bay Single style with three bays, while those in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangdong are predominantly single-bay or double-bay, with three-bay buildings primarily existing in the Three-Bay Two-Corridor form. Moreover, the evolutionary direction influenced by Hakka architecture differs between the two regions. Guangxi’s Goulou traditional architecture, heavily influenced by Hakka Tang and Heng houses, has developed smaller-scale courtyard units, known as Cong-Cuo-style buildings. In contrast, Guangdong’s Goulou traditional architecture, influenced by Hakka enclosed dwellings, has developed larger-scale courtyard combinations known as composite buildings.
4.3. Genealogy Construction and Characteristic Analysis
From a qualitative perspective (Figure 9), the Three-Bay Single style, Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style, and Cong-Cuo style are the most widespread types of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, while the Three-Bay Two-Corridor style is relatively less common. When historical background and environmental conditions change, these styles continue to evolve into new variants. Furthermore, wooden framework types commonly adopt the gable wall bearing purlin style and the inserted beam style. Walls are generally made of blue bricks and yellow mud bricks. Roofs use both hard-gable and hanging-gable styles, with gray and red butterfly tiles being commonly used. The detailed decorative levels of beams, columns, roof ridges, eaves, doors, and windows across the different genealogy regions are similar, yet each region emphasizes different decorative requirements according to local economic conditions.
From a quantitative perspective (Figure 10), the following findings are observed:
Traditional public buildings and traditional dwellings exhibit a spatial transition from west to east, corresponding to Tang-Xiang, Tang-Xiang and Cong-Cuo, Cong-Cuo, and Single Building and Tang-Xiang/Cong-Cuo layouts. The average depth-to-width ratio and the average total area of courtyards show a decreasing trend, while the average total area of side rooms exhibits an increasing trend. Additionally, the height and width of the main gates and the number of windows show a decreasing trend. This overall reflects a shift in architectural space from open and dispersed to closed and concentrated, with architectural layouts transitioning from the vertical arrangement of Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style to the horizontal arrangement of Cong-Cuo style, and the evolution of architectural functions from original side rooms to simplified side corridors and eventually to original “corridors”.
Radiating from the Yulin Basin to the surrounding mountainous areas, the average total area of “Halls” shows an increasing trend. Traditional public buildings exhibit a transition from “combined ancestral halls and residences” to “separate ancestral halls and residences”, with significant enhancement in dominance.
The area of historical environmental elements decreases from west to east, while their height increases from west to east. This reflects an internal hierarchical shift in symbolic (ceremonial) to functional (practical).
5. Discussion
5.1. Construction of Modern Translation Models
5.1.1. Modern Translation Path
This study is based on the digital simulation technology and digital chain system thinking of CityEngine (2022.1 version), combined with the research results of the traditional architectural lineage of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi mentioned above, and it attempted to construct a modern translation of traditional architecture.
Firstly, CityEngine was utilized to quickly create 3D scenes. Through the editing of rule files, batch modeling based on rules, and multiple optimization designs, large-scale spatial model construction and simulation were carried out. CityEngine’s CGA rules feature syntax that seeks variation within uniformity, translating traditional architectural construction principles derived from typological methods into constraint relationship codes for model construction [41]. This enables the creation, analysis, and reshaping of related 3D models and scenes. Consequently, CityEngine functions, such as the i function, allow for feedback from micro-level traditional architectural modern translation schemes to macro-level regional landscape effect simulations (Figure 11), attempting to break scale boundaries and complete the analysis of spatial forms and cultural elements of historical sites.
Secondly, the digital chain system is a design update pathway based on database construction and machine learning, establishing a step-by-step data transmission method and mapping mechanism between settlement spatial texture and individual building structures. This facilitates the accurate transmission of historical information of traditional settlements and the integration of design, construction, and management. The digital chain integrates genealogical construction results and digital simulation technology. Through the big data learning of architectural samples from the database, combined with feature data, rule definitions, and program tools, it evaluates and reconstructs locally traditional two-dimensional historical landscapes and three-dimensional spatial textures [42]. This establishes a traditional spatial feature and historical landscape expression system that does not rely on subjective judgment, forming a modern translation pathway of “data collection–feature extraction–design generation” (Figure 12).
In summary, based on the digital modern translation path, this study selected West District and Pang Village in Yulin City as two pilot villages for the translation and inheritance of traditional architectural genealogies. The analysis and remodeling of traditional styles were conducted at both the macro-settlement layout and micro-architectural unit levels. The pilot villages encompass typical regional architectural types and distribution characteristics, including “Tang-Xiang and Cong-Cuo”, “Tang-Xiang”, and “Single Building and Tang-Xiang/Cong-Cuo”.
5.1.2. Settlement Layout Optimization
This study integrated basic feature data and two-dimensional image data from the pilot villages and traditional buildings, using CityEngine’s functions such as street creation, street editing, case commands, and functions like comp, extrude, roofgable, texture, and the i function to simulate and create three-dimensional models and scenes of the road network and buildings in the pilot villages. Details such as colors and materials were added based on the current conditions, showcasing the original texture and aiding in the macro-level analysis and reconstitution of the settlement’s appearance (Figure 13).
Firstly, to address issues such as the dilution of rural cultural values, discordant architectural styles, and low levels of housing modernization, focus was placed on key areas like historical environmental elements and central buildings. Interventions and modifications were carried out utilizing their special coupling relationships in the settlement space, such as kinship and geopolitical clusters. Based on the basic feature data of traditional buildings, street edge lines were shifted inward, and areas for appearance shaping were delineated to facilitate concentrated modern translation design research.
Secondly, to address issues such as the lack of urban public services and limited industrial development, shifted blocks were subdivided into several parcels. Some parcels were designated for public services and industrial development, while the rest were marked as retention zones. Parcels strongly related to historical environmental elements and central buildings were prioritized as key construction areas.
5.1.3. Architectural Style Remodeling
Architectural style reconstitution consists of a controlling element system, architectural details, and style designs. It involves the analysis and re-expression of spatial forms, construction techniques, and other characteristics contained in traditional architectural genealogies. This process helps enhance the overall appearance of settlements and their surroundings, reflecting regional historical and cultural features, and provides a basis for rural appearance construction (Figure 14).
Firstly, the controlling elements system was related to the traditional architectural type characteristics of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. A system architecture was established, including six primary guiding elements: settlement form, individual building form, main color scheme, timber framework, enclosing walls, and roofing system. This system guides architectural details and style design.
Secondly, architectural details were used to integrate modern housing needs into the controlling element system. The specific implementation details of typical elements were organized, including element legends and applicable scenarios.
Thirdly, style design was achieved through a point-by-point application of architectural details. Using model construction and style simulation, the controlling element system creates rural style effects tailored to different village characteristics and traditional architectural types.
The controlling element system, architectural details, and style design are important methods and outcomes for modern translation at the micro-architectural level. Based on the 3D models and scenes of macro-settlement layout optimization, CityEngine’s digital simulation and digital chain system facilitated the application loop from micro-translation outcomes to macro-style remodeling.
5.2. Probe into the Design and Application of Translation
5.2.1. Optimization Strategies for Traditional Buildings in West District
This optimization project is located at the junction of the “style shaping zone” and the “public service and industrial development zone” within the West District optimization layout. The site currently includes areas designated for new construction, renovation, demolition, and existing courtyards (Figure 15). Specifically, the area planned for new construction is approximately 560 m2, the demolition area is about 70 m2, and the existing courtyard covers about 60 m2; the area planned for renovation is approximately 250 m2, currently consisting of a combination of single-unit tiled houses and Three-Bay Single buildings, with a gabled timber frame, walls made of a mix of “red bricks and yellow earthen bricks”, and a roof using gray butterfly tiles in a hanging gable style.
In terms of overall style optimization, the West District optimization plan integrates the enclosed layout of traditional buildings with the compact layout of modern self-built residences, creating a combination of external plazas and internal courtyards. The internal courtyards connect public building spaces with private residential areas. Public buildings are located on the eastern side, with a ground floor featuring a central garden, stage, etc., and a second floor with an exhibition hall, tearoom, rooftop garden, etc. The private residential space is located on the western side, comprising residential houses and guesthouses, each with living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms, kitchens, bathrooms, and courtyards (Figure 16).
For architectural detail optimization in West District, a combination of traditional element translation and modern technology was employed to achieve both the historical style inheritance and modernization of housing functions. Firstly, the buildings use brick-concrete structures and reinforced concrete structures. The walls are constructed with a combination of simulated blue bricks, hollow red bricks, and real stone coatings, with decorative elements including painting and gray plaster. Secondly, the timber framework employs the gabled wall beam method. Public and residential buildings use hard and hanging gable roof styles, respectively, with all roofs covered in gray butterfly tiles. Only public buildings feature large decorative eaves or dragon boat ridges combined with large eaves-style ridges. Thirdly, residential building entrances use plain large doors with hanging plaques. Doors and windows feature carved door panels and aluminum alloy floor-to-ceiling windows or sliding windows with grilles. Fourthly, architectural railings use floral brick lattice construction, and eaves sections include traditional components such as eaves columns, carved beam ends, eaves boards, and veranda tops, enriching the transition between indoor and outdoor spaces. Fifthly, the rooftop garden and central garden have rainwater collection functions, which are directed to a communal water storage tank. Lastly, public buildings utilize wind and thermal pressure for natural ventilation, with mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems also installed. The roof is equipped with photovoltaic panels, and skylights have adjustable shading devices (Figure 17).
5.2.2. Optimization Strategies for Traditional Buildings in Pang Village
This optimization project is located in the “public service and industrial development zone” of the Pang village optimization layout, adjacent to the “style shaping zone”. The site currently includes areas for updating, renovation, and a public plaza (Figure 18). Specifically, the area for updating consists of a four-story self-built residence with a land area of approximately 150 m2, and the public plaza covers about 160 m2. The area planned for renovation is approximately 310 m2, currently consisting of remnants of Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang-style residences, including halls and single-unit bungalows. The halls feature a gabled timber frame with walls constructed from a mix of “blue bricks and yellow earthen bricks” and a roof with gray butterfly tiles in a hard-gable style. The single-unit bungalows use a combination of brick–concrete and reinforced concrete structures, entirely built with red bricks.
In terms of overall style optimization, the Pang Village optimization plan integrates the traditional enclosed layout of buildings with the compact layout of modern self-built homes. The focus is on the renovation of the halls and single-unit bungalows, as well as the public plaza, with designs for commercial and cultural displays. This creates an integrated layout linking the public plaza with internal courtyards, connecting the community activity center (formerly the hall) and the community exhibition hall (formerly the single-unit bungalow). The public plaza includes electrical vehicle parking, green spaces, and hard paving. The community activity center features a conference hall, dining room, tearoom, and negotiation room, while the community exhibition hall includes an exhibition area, café, and performance stage on the first floor, and an exhibition area, reading bar, and rooftop garden on the second floor, promoting commercial activities and cultural displays (Figure 19).
For architectural detail optimization, traditional elements were translated and combined with modern technology to achieve both the preservation of historical style and modernization of functional usage. First, the community exhibition hall, built on an existing brick–concrete and reinforced concrete structure, uses a faux blue brick veneer and hollow red bricks for the walls, decorated with colored paintings and gray sculptures. The roof features a multifunctional minor courtyard. Second, the timber framework adopts a gabled style, with both the community activity center and exhibition hall using hard gables and gray butterfly tiles; the latter features large flying eaves or a combination of ancient and modern ridge styles. Third, the buildings use aluminum alloy sliding or hinged windows with carved designs, glass floral brick window railings, and traditional eaves components like carved brackets and imitation roller shutters to enrich the transition between indoor and outdoor spaces. Fourth, the buildings utilize natural ventilation primarily through wind pressure, supplemented by mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems, and the rooftop and central courtyards are equipped with rainwater collection systems, channeling rainwater into individual collection tanks (Figure 20).
5.3. Modern Translation Strategies
5.3.1. Inheritance Strategies Based on Cultural Values and Context Protection
In the in-depth study of modern translation of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, cultural value and the protection and inheritance of context play a crucial role. The purpose of this section is to propose a set of inheritance strategies based on cultural values and contextual protection in order to provide theoretical guidance and practical paths for the protection and revitalization of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi.
(1) Establish a traditional architectural information database to ensure systematic protection of cultural values.
As an important carrier of regional culture, the traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi contains rich historical information and unique regional characteristics. However, with the acceleration of modernization, these precious cultural heritages are facing increasingly severe protection challenges. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to establish a detailed traditional building information database. This information database should cover two core parts: the graphic and textual information case database and the formal element composition pattern database. The graphic and textual information database collects and records basic information, appearance photos, plane elevation drawings, architectural techniques, and decorative techniques of traditional architecture through field research and surveying, forming a systematic archive record. A database of formal element composition rules summarizes the composition rules of traditional architecture in terms of type, form, and technique through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these cases, providing scientific basis for subsequent modern translation work. By establishing this information database, we can systematically protect the cultural value of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi and ensure the complete inheritance of its historical information.
(2) Focus on the construction of public landscape and cultural activity venues to promote the inheritance of cultural context and community cohesion.
Traditional architecture is not only a manifestation of material culture but also an important carrier for the inheritance of intangible culture. While protecting the cultural value of traditional architecture, we should also pay attention to the shaping of cultural traditions and community cohesion behind it. Therefore, this section proposes a construction strategy that focuses on public landscapes and cultural activity venues (Figure 21). By combining internal and external public spaces such as squares, alleys, and halls and creating public landscapes and cultural activity venues with regional characteristics according to local conditions, we can transform oral and irregular intangible cultural heritage into fixed and long-term forms, such as by setting up cultural walls and holding traditional festival activities, thereby enhancing the cultural identity and sense of belonging of community residents. At the same time, the construction of these public landscapes and cultural activity venues can also promote communication and interaction between urban and rural communities, injecting new vitality into the inheritance and development of traditional culture.
5.3.2. Optimization Strategies Based on Policy Background and Social Reality
Against the backdrop of the deepening implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and the rise of the rural construction boom, the modern translation of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi not only needs to pay attention to the protection and inheritance of its cultural value but also needs to closely integrate policy guidance and social practical needs and formulate scientific and reasonable optimization strategies. This section will elaborate on optimization strategies based on policy background and social reality from two aspects: promoting the integration of public services and introducing green design and developing the industrial residential area model.
(1) Promote the integration of public services and the introduction of green design to enhance the quality of rural life.
With the continuous promotion of urban–rural integration, the demand for public services in rural areas is increasing day by day. In response to the widespread distribution and diverse architectural styles of traditional buildings in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, except the relative scarcity of public service facilities, this study proposes to promote the reasonable implantation of public service facilities in the process of protecting and shaping rural features. Through the in-depth analysis of the needs and characteristics of rural communities, combined with the spatial layout and cultural features of traditional architecture, a public service implantation area was designated within the style shaping zone, focusing on the implantation of convenient living facilities, medical and health facilities, public security and fire protection facilities, leisure and entertainment facilities, and cultural and educational facilities in order to meet the growing material and spiritual cultural needs of rural residents.
At the same time, in response to the national call for green development, this study actively introduces the concept of green design in the process of promoting the integration of public services. With the adoption of green technologies such as natural ventilation, rainwater collection, solar energy utilization, and natural energy-saving ecological housing, not only has the energy utilization efficiency of buildings been improved and environmental pollution reduced, but the quality of life and living environment of rural residents have also been further enhanced. For example, in the renovation of traditional buildings, natural lighting and ventilation conditions can be fully utilized to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning and lighting equipment. In setting up a rainwater collection system, the recycling of water resources can be achieved. Solar photovoltaic panels can be used to provide clean energy supply for buildings. The introduction of these green design measures is not only in line with China’s national policy orientation but also an important way to achieve sustainable rural development (Figure 22).
(2) Develop the industrial residential model and promote the revitalization of rural economic areas.
The development of the rural economy is the key to achieving rural revitalization. In response to the current situation of weak industrial foundation and lagging economic development in rural areas where traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi is located, this study proposes to develop an industrial residential area model, using industry to drive rural economic development and promote urban–rural integration. Specifically, industry types suitable for rural development can be selected according to local cultural characteristics and resource advantages, such as cultural tourism, ecological agriculture, handicraft production, etc. Building an industry service platform, providing production technology guidance, expanding product sales channels, and designing product branding can promote the standardized and large-scale development of the industry.
In the development process of industrial residential areas, the spatial layout and cultural characteristics of traditional buildings should be fully utilized, and industrial development should be combined with the protection and shaping of rural features. For example, in villages with rich historical and cultural heritage, traditional architecture and cultural resources can be relied upon to develop the cultural tourism industry. Through the creation of characteristic homestays and holding of cultural festivals and other activities, tourists can be attracted to visit and experience the culture, driving the local economy. At the same time, in the process of industrial development, attention should be paid to protecting the rural ecological environment and cultural heritage and achieving the organic unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits.
5.4. Extended Discussion and Implications
This study investigated the typological characteristics of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. Through architectural genealogy construction, GIS spatial analysis, and digital modeling, a modern translation strategy is proposed. The following discussion provides an in-depth analysis of the research model and results, highlighting their advantages and limitations.
5.4.1. Analysis of the Research Model
The traditional architectural modern translation model proposed in this study consists of two main components. (1) Architectural Genealogy Construction. Through field investigations, typological analysis, and GIS spatial analysis, this study establishes a classification framework for traditional buildings in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi. Four primary architectural types—Three-Bay Single style, Three-Bay Two-Corridor style, Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style, and Cong-Cuo style—are identified, and their spatial distribution patterns are summarized. This method not only systematically reveals the evolutionary relationships of architectural types but also helps predict future trends in rural architectural development. (2) Digital Modeling and Optimization. Utilizing CityEngine and a digital chain system, this study conducted 3D modeling and stylistic optimization for selected villages and traditional buildings, exploring modern adaptation pathways for rural architecture. This approach enables rapid spatial modeling and iterative design optimization, providing a novel technical framework for rural planning and architectural heritage preservation.
5.4.2. Theoretical Contributions of the Research
This study not only constructed a systematic classification framework for traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi but also explored how cultural genes can be preserved and integrated into modern architectural design. The research findings hold significant theoretical implications. (1) Architectural Heritage Conservation. By establishing an architectural genealogy system, this study provides a scientific basis for the preservation of regional traditional architecture, which can be applied in rural planning, cultural tourism, and architectural restoration. The findings reveal that traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi retains Lingnan architectural characteristics while integrating Hakka architectural elements, reflecting the evolution of regional culture. (2) Guidance for Modern Rural Architectural Design. Through 3D modeling and spatial optimization, this study proposes design strategies for modernizing traditional architecture, offering valuable references for rural revitalization initiatives. For instance, in the West District and Pang Village case studies, modern translation strategies successfully integrated traditional elements with contemporary materials and technology, enhancing both functionality and sustainability.
5.4.3. Advantages of the Research Model
(1) Data-Driven Approach and Digital Analysis. This study incorporated GIS spatial analysis, digital modeling, and parametric optimization, ensuring a systematic and data-driven research framework. Through leveraging CityEngine modeling and the digital chain system, a closed-loop workflow from data collection for architectural optimization was established, supporting future applications in intelligent rural planning.
(2) Cultural Inheritance and Modern Adaptability. The genealogy analysis approach effectively identifies key architectural types and cultural characteristics, preventing homogenization and excessive modernization in traditional architecture renovation. In architectural style optimization, this study integrated public services and industrial development into rural architectural planning, balancing cultural preservation with contemporary needs.
5.4.4. Limitations of the Research
Despite its contributions to traditional architectural classification and modern translation strategies, this study has the following limitations. (1) Data Scale and Representativeness. This study was based on a limited dataset of 22 villages and 73 architectural samples. Future research should expand the sample size and incorporate larger-scale field surveys to improve model generalizability. (2) Validation of Modern Translation Strategies. The modern translation strategies proposed in this study are primarily based on 3D modeling and parametric optimization. However, practical implementation and construction feasibility have not been fully validated. Future research should conduct real-world pilot projects to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of these design strategies. (3) Limited Consideration of Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors. This study mainly focused on architectural typology, spatial structures, and material optimization, with less emphasis on social, economic, and community-driven factors. Future research should integrate sociological and anthropological approaches, incorporating resident interviews and policy analyses to enhance comprehensiveness.
5.4.5. Future Research Directions
To address these limitations, future research should explore the following directions. (1) Expand Data Scale. Increase the scope of field investigations and integrate remote sensing data and AI-based image recognition to enhance the accuracy of architectural type analysis. (2) Empirical Validation through Practical Applications. Implement modern translation strategies in rural revitalization pilot projects, collect practical feedback, and refine design methodologies. (3) Interdisciplinary Research. Combine insights from sociology, economics, and policy studies to explore how rural architecture can better accommodate modern living demands.
6. Conclusions
This study focused on the traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi and conducted field research on 22 representative villages and 73 typical building samples. The sample data were systematically collected and analyzed, aiming to explore the genealogy zoning characteristics and modern translation and optimization strategies of traditional architecture in the region from both theoretical and practical dimensions.
At the level of theoretical exploration, this study first constructed a regional sample database of traditional architecture, used qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to summarize the type characteristics and construction techniques of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, and then constructed its genealogy zoning framework. Research has found that the traditional architecture in this region presents a unified and diverse pattern: Unity is reflected in the fact that different architectural features follow certain composition rules and quantitative relationships, which are closely related to the geographical distribution of specific village types, forming a clear and stable type distribution area. Diversity is reflected in the architectural forms, construction techniques, and cultural traditions within each distribution area. Due to the differences in natural geographical conditions and social and cultural environments, they continue to develop and evolve, forming rich architectural prototypes and related variants, which together constitute a dynamic and complex architectural genealogy zoning.
At the practical application level, this study proposes a methodological framework and practical path for the modern translation of traditional architecture based on the in-depth analysis of the traditional architecture sample database and genealogy zoning characteristics. This framework was developed at two levels: macro-settlement layout optimization and micro-architectural style reshaping. It designed and constructed a modern translation model that includes settlement space reconstruction and the modern expression of individual buildings. In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this model, this study selected two typical villages and their traditional buildings as application cases and implemented specific optimization design strategies that helped to coordinate the protection of rural landscape and the modern translation of architecture.
In summary, this study not only deepens the scientific understanding of the genealogy zoning characteristics of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi but also provides a reference for the modern translation and optimization path of traditional architecture, providing important theoretical basis and application guidance for promoting the inheritance and innovation of rural culture and realizing the protection and updating of rural architectural style.
Finally, the current research needs further improvement in quantitatively analyzing the characteristics of traditional building types, and the practicality of modern translation paths and strategies still needs to be tested in more extensive practice. Future research should further expand the sample size, deepen quantitative analysis, and explore the correlation and influence of traditional architectural forms and techniques in specific natural environments and socio-cultural contexts. At the same time, more practical cases for testing and optimizing the translation path and strategy can promote the modernization and sustainable development of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, assist in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, and promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas.
Conceptualization, Y.K., F.Z. and Y.H.; methodology, Y.K., F.Z., C.L. and Y.H.; software, Y.K., F.Z. and C.L.; validation, Y.K., C.L. and Y.H.; formal analysis, Y.K. and F.Z.; investigation, Y.K. and C.L.; resources, F.Z., C.L. and Y.H.; data curation, Y.K., C.L. and Y.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.K., F.Z. and C.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.K., F.Z. and Y.H.; visualization, Y.K. and C.L.; supervision, F.Z., C.L. and Y.H.; project administration, Y.K. and F.Z.; funding acquisition, Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The data presented in this study are available within this article.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
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Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Basic types of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Type recognition and extraction. (a) The Three-Bay Single style. (b) The Three-Bay Two-Corridor style. (c) The Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style. (d) The Cong-Cuo style.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Type recognition and extraction. (a) The Three-Bay Single style. (b) The Three-Bay Two-Corridor style. (c) The Tian-Jing-Tang-Xiang style. (d) The Cong-Cuo style.
![View Image - Figure 8. Comparison of traditional architecture between Guangdong and Guangxi. Source: Drawn by the author in conjunction with reference [40].](https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/THUM/44/uCWYb?_a=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%3D%3D&_s=ph9NrvK9f%2FSzhR2r7QA5nlkwA7U%3D "View Image - Figure 8. Comparison of traditional architecture between Guangdong and Guangxi. Source: Drawn by the author in conjunction with reference [40].")
Enlarge this image.Figure 8. Comparison of traditional architecture between Guangdong and Guangxi. Source: Drawn by the author in conjunction with reference [40].
Enlarge this image.Figure 9. Genealogy chart of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi.
Enlarge this image.Figure 13. Analysis and remodeling of settlement layout. (a) West District. (b) Pang Village.
Enlarge this image.Figure 21. The role of public landscape and cultural activities in the interaction of construction spaces.
Enlarge this image.Figure 22. The application of public services and green design in housing modernization.
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; Zheng, Feifei 2
; Lin, Chengzhi 1 ; Hu, Yue 2 1 School of Architecture & Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
2 Department of Humanities and Social Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China