1. Introduction
Establishing a strong public sector requires the implementation of strong financial accountability and governance practices that foster trust, transparency, and the moral allocation of resources (Aleksandrova et al., 2023; Rizki et al., 2024). Governments are increasingly facing difficulties in meeting growing public expectations, complying with shifting regulations, and managing constrained resources. This challenge is due to a more globalized world with complex fiscal systems and rapid technological advancements. The need for strong structures aimed at combating corruption, ensuring efficient financial reporting, and preventing inefficiencies has increased due to these challenges. At the same time, public administration faces new difficulties in the digital era because of the rapid growth of technology and its wide impact on society. To attain effective, equitable or egalitarian, and resilient governance, governments have to address difficult issues such as cybersecurity threats, regulatory dilemmas, and the digital divide (Jin, 2024; Katrakazas & Papastergiou, 2024).
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game-changer in the public sector that is significantly improving financial accountability and governance. The implementation of AI technologies can lead to improved decision making, more efficient operations, and increased accountability and transparency in financial operations (Al-Baity, 2023). For example, the integrity of financial systems has been notably enhanced through the application of artificial intelligence in areas such as fraud detection, regulatory compliance, and risk assessment (Schaefer et al., 2021). However, the implementation of artificial intelligence systems also introduces some challenges, including the need for strong frameworks to ensure accountability and trust in these systems, as well as ethical considerations and problems related to data governance (Gualdi & Cordella, 2021). It is important to understand the strategic opportunities and the possible challenges that are associated with these technological transitions, as governments are progressively relying on artificial intelligence to manage the complexities of contemporary governance (Milana & Ashta, 2021).
Furthermore, integrating artificial intelligence within the public sector needs a comprehensive strategy that involves ethical considerations and scientific progress of its utilization. It is important to address potential issues that are related to algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, and accountability in order to build public trust in government operations that are driven by AI (Riani, 2023). It is, therefore, important to develop ethical guidelines and governance frameworks that guide the appropriate use of artificial intelligence in financial decision making, ensuring that these technologies serve the public good (Arslan, 2021). The relationship between AI, financial responsibility, and governance is a key area for research and the formulation of policies, as governments seek to use the potential of AI while maintaining democratic values and public trust (Odonkor et al., 2024).
The combination of artificial intelligence, financial accountability, and governance in the public sector comes with both strategic benefits and obstacles. As governments navigate this evolving environment, it is important to engage in discussions with stakeholders to ensure that AI technologies are used to improve transparency, efficiency, and ethical governance (Kakulapati, 2023). This study employs a case study methodology to investigate the transformative capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) in public sector financial accountability and governance. The study examines three countries—Estonia, Singapore, and Finland—to identify how AI technologies are used in public administration to improve financial reporting, resource management, and the involvement of citizens. The method used for data collection involved a thorough review of the academic literature, government documents, and case studies, along with public comments to ensure a comprehensive perspective. The findings of the study show that AI has the ability to improve efficiency and transparency, address inefficiencies, and build public trust through new instruments such as predictive analytics and automated financial reporting. The study emphasizes major challenges, including algorithmic bias, issues about data privacy, and the need for strong ethical frameworks. A comparative analysis of the selected cases shows important insights regarding effective strategies and common errors, which are valuable for policymakers. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on public administration by examining its application in Estonia, Finland, and Singapore, thereby highlighting the challenges, opportunities, and overarching relevance of AI in modern governance.
2. Theoretical Framework
The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) does not have a universally accepted definition in the academic literature. However, it generally refers to computer systems and machines that incorporate functions like learning, problem-solving, and logical reasoning in a way that is similar to human intelligence. In broad terms, artificial intelligence facilitates the creation of systems that can operate autonomously, either fully or partially, through the use of machine learning algorithms and associated technologies. In other words, AI uses some specific cognitive abilities and can perform numerous tasks at a significantly faster pace (Ridzuan et al., 2024, p. 4). As a result, AI can be understood as systems that perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. These systems can also be described as machines that think and act like human beings or make decisions logically by evaluating different options.
In our world today, where technological advancements occur rapidly with their basic characteristics, the use of AI across various sectors has become unavoidable. The incorporation of artificial intelligence into public administration highlights a transition towards more sophisticated technological approaches. This change began during the late 20th century with the introduction of expert systems that were designed to automate cognitive tasks within the field of public administration. In the past, early systems replicated human decision making simply by following basic rules. However, the current AI technologies have advanced beyond these simple methods. They include predictive analytics and detailed data analysis. Contemporary AI applications can perform complex tasks in public administration efficiently and effectively. These advancements result in major changes in how public services are practiced and delivered (Ejjami, 2024, p. 4). Additionally, Wirtz and Müller (2019) consider AI as a revolutionary technology that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery and fundamentally alter the methods through which public services are delivered in the future.
AI is necessary for providing timely services and accurately meeting the various needs of the people. It helps use resources efficiently and reduces bureaucratic barriers. With its abilities in data analysis, pattern recognition, and automation, AI provides effective solutions to many pressing issues that traditional public administration systems face today (Kulal et al., 2024, pp. 1–2). It is important to make sure that public services are delivered efficiently and effectively as a key aspect of good governance. Good governance involves managing key aspects like ensuring justice, empowerment, transparency, and the satisfaction of citizens together (Sari, 2023). Qadri (2024, p. 60) mentions that the rapid spread of AI in both the public and private sectors worldwide is promoting changes in how services are delivered and policies are made. This transformational change has the ability to address problems in the public sector, such as transparency problems, accountability concerns, and bureaucratic delays. In simpler terms, AI does not only transform the public sector but also provides rapid solutions to its problems.
The use of AI in public administration is very important for improving operational efficiency and building a more transparent and accountable government. The analytical capabilities of AI help manage public funds better by making financial reports more effective. Also, AI-driven systems facilitate the identification of irregularities and fraud in public expenditures. By applying these technologies effectively, it is believed that it can strengthen democratic processes and increase citizens’ trust in public administration (Phuangthuean & Nuansang, 2024, p. 27). This ultimately strengthens the financial accountability of the public sector.
Effective corporate governance depends heavily on accountability and transparency. These principles ensure that the actions and decisions of organizations are monitored and evaluated, holding individuals and groups responsible, particularly in managing resources. Accountability is supported by regular audits, performance evaluations, and clearly defined roles and responsibilities within the organization. Transparency requires the timely and accurate disclosure of both financial and non-financial information. Such practices ensure that stakeholders make the right decisions, build trust, and reduce risks. Furthermore, they also improve governance by promoting cultural integration within the organization (Efunniyi et al., 2024, p. 1599).
Accountability is not just a mere political dialog; it also includes a structured framework of social relations. This concept means that one party has to bear the responsibility to explain and justify its actions to another important party. Ainbuli (2012) states that accountability is a relational dynamic that can be analyzed and presented within social structures. In the public sector domain, accountability establishes a system where governments remain accountable to citizens, ministries report to parliament, and those who are responsible for public service delivery are accountable to the public. Therefore, accountability is regarded as a strong element for democratic governments to function effectively (Ainbuli, 2012, p. 699; Eivani et al., 2012, p. 8476).
These principles attest that artificial intelligence technologies play an important role as tools in improving accountability and transparency. They serve as a way to improve these processes that are related to accountability and transparency. AI changes accounting practices by offering benefits like automation, enhanced accuracy, and data analysis. It automates various routine practices, such as data entry, reconciliation, and invoice management. These allow accountants to focus on more complex and strategic roles. AI algorithms can detect errors that appear in financial records, improve the accuracy of financial reports, and support regulatory standards. These advancements contribute to the efficiency of high-level decision-making processes, including financial analysis, tax planning, and consultancy (Schweitzer, 2024, p. 70).
An effective and transparent budgeting and accounting system in the public sector is important for good governance. The management of public resources depends strongly on the continuous evaluation of the impacts of fiscal policies. Artificial intelligence provides various solutions, such as detecting fraud, optimizing resource allocation, and leveraging its capabilities in big data analytics. Effective resource management improves transparency and accountability, thereby increasing the trust of citizens in public administration (Jovanović & Vašiček, 2021; Haliah et al., 2023). Public administration is basically tasked to efficiently manage its limited financial, human, and physical resources. The application of AI tools presents a significant potential to improve operations, facilitate decision making through data analysis, and develop proactive solutions by anticipating public needs. This results in consistent and effective public service delivery and more efficient government operations (Guo et al., 2023).
It can be understood in this context that the role of AI in enhancing financial accountability within the public sector is complex. According to Kindzeka (2023), AI improves the reliability of accounting practices, which results in more reliable financial data. This improved accuracy strengthens the trustworthiness of financial reports and provides the basic framework that supports effective accountability systems. It is, however, important to acknowledge that the applications of AI encounter challenges like data privacy issues, algorithmic bias, and a lack of transparency. To address these challenges, it is important to support the use of AI in public administration with ethical frameworks and regulatory measures (Kindzeka, 2023; Owolabi et al., 2024). With these established frameworks, AI is anticipated to enhance financial accountability within public administration.
Recent research indicates that the presence of artificial intelligence in the field of public administration is growing more complex and broader. The application of technologies such as predictive analytics, fraud detection, and resource allocation significantly improves the ability to predict public service needs and strategically allocate resources. Additionally, AI tools promote transparency and accountability by identifying inefficiencies and anomalies in public expenditures. This leads to better management of public resources and higher satisfaction among citizens (Davenport & Kalakota, 2019; Phuangthuean & Nuansang, 2024, p. 27).
Moreover, AI influences financial management in the public sector in ways that go beyond just automating regular tasks. The advanced analytical abilities enable AI to forecast budgets, detect fraud, and assist in distributing public resources more effectively. The predictive analytics capability of AI, for example, as mentioned by Fernandez-Cortez et al. (2020), enables public administrations to make more effective predictions of their future needs. These predictions make resource management more strategic and ensure that public funds are appropriately allocated to appropriate sectors (Fernandez-Cortez et al., 2020; Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019).
Consequently, artificial intelligence technologies have been seen as important innovations that enhance accountability and transparency within public administration. AI support systems improve the efficiency of public services and increase the trust of citizens in public institutions (Guo et al., 2023; Qadri, 2024, p. 63). When artificial intelligence technologies are properly implemented, they will facilitate a more democratic and sustainable governance framework in public administration (Guo et al., 2023; Qadri, 2024, p. 63).
3. Literature Review: Opportunities and Challenges of AI in Public Sector Governance
In addition to promoting transparency, AI plays an important role in fraud detection and prevention in the financial management of the public. It uses sophisticated methods like anomaly detection and predictive analytics to find irregularities or suspicious activity patterns that deviate from the norms that were anticipated. Machine learning algorithms contribute to analyzing past data to predict potential fraud scenarios, thereby enabling proactive actions to be taken. For instance, AI systems can manage procurement activities by spotting overpriced contracts or fake vendors, which often signal fraud. By automating fraud detection, governments can reduce reliance on traditional and labor-intensive auditing processes to deal with fiscal frauds more effectively. Aside from the use of AI-powered technologies in protecting public funds, it also increases citizens’ trust in the transparency of governmental financial systems.
One strategy by which AI can improve transparency in the public sector is by automating complicated reporting procedures and making financial data easier for the public to access. Governments are increasingly depending on the use of AI technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing to collect and analyze large amounts of financial data, thereby making it more accessible and understandable to the public. According to Filatova et al. (2023), the use of natural language processing can make financial reports much easier. This enables the general public to understand how their tax revenues are being allocated or spent. Additionally, AI-powered dashboards that provide financial data in real time can enhance the culture of transparency and accountability (Anggraini & Suryani, 2021).
Artificial intelligence uses different methods to identify and prevent fraud in public financial management. Key AI-powered solutions include anomaly detection systems and predictive analytics, which analyze transaction patterns to find irregularities that could indicate fraudulent activity. Rouhollahi (2021) asserts that anomaly detection systems can detect transactions that are different from the usual patterns and require further investigation. Additionally, predictive analytics has the ability to predict potential fraud threats by examining previous data for trends associated with fraudulent activities (Negi, 2021). These AI technologies improve fraud detection efficiency and help reduce corruption, providing early alerts to authorities and helping the public to restore trust in the government (Aziz & Othman, 2021).
The implementation of AI tools in public sector governance improves data-driven decision making by combining and analyzing large amounts of data to generate valuable insights that are similar to other methods. Through the use of advanced analytics, AI tools can assess and analyze different data sources, including demographic data, economic indicators, and social statistics, to make informed policy decisions (Gualdi & Cordella, 2021). This ability helps policymakers make informed decisions based on evidence that addresses public needs. AI can also identify areas that require urgent attention, such as regions with high unemployment rates, facilitating the allocation of targeted resources (Chilunjika et al., 2022).
However, the implementation of AI decision-support systems in government institutions also faces several obstacles. Problems related to data quality, including incomplete or biased information, can hinder the effectiveness of AI tools (Mikhaylov et al., 2018). Furthermore, some public sector workers may be resistant to the changes that are introduced by AI technologies. To address these problems, it is important to develop strong data governance frameworks that ensure data accuracy and enhance innovation within government institutions (Kaushik & Rathore, 2020). Training programs for public sector employees can facilitate smooth transitions to AI-enhanced decision-making processes, fostering a more data-oriented culture in governance (Moreno, 2023). Training programs for public sector workers can also facilitate their adaptation to AI-driven decision making, which will promote a more data-oriented culture of governance (Moreno, 2023).
Artificial intelligence can improve how the public sector operates and manages resource allocations better by optimizing administrative tasks and reducing processing times. Automating routine tasks such as data entry and report generation allows government workers to focus on more valuable work, ultimately increasing overall productivity (Ivakhnenkov, 2023). Also, AI can be automated to facilitate tax collection, as well as ensure fast and accurate revenue generation while reducing human errors drastically (Mungoli, 2023). This development leads to cost savings and ensures public resources are used effectively, ultimately benefiting the community.
Many successful cases show how artificial intelligence can improve efficiency in governmental operations. One common example is the implementation of AI chatbots in public service delivery, which respond to questions from citizens and autonomously disseminate information about government services (Jeppesen, 2019). Additionally, countries such as Estonia have successfully integrated AI tools into their e-governance systems, which makes digital communication between citizens and governmental institutions easier. These instances reveal how AI can enhance operations and improve the quality of public service.
Artificial intelligence enhances the way governments interact with stakeholders by using AI tools like chatbots, virtual assistants, and tools for sentiment analysis. Technologies as such make communication smoother and quicker, which also helps citizens to interact with government services more efficiently and effectively. For example, chatbots can instantly respond to common questions or inquiries, making information and services readily available to the public (Engels et al., 2019). Additionally, sentiment analysis tools can effectively evaluate public opinion regarding policy issues. This enables governments to adjust their initiatives to more effectively address the needs of their communities (Milana & Ashta, 2021).
The use of AI in interacting with stakeholders comes with important ethical problems that need to be addressed. Key problems include biases in AI algorithms, privacy issues, and ensuring access for marginalized people (Achmad & Pamungkas, 2019). To address these problems, governments need to develop guidelines that prioritize transparency, accountability, and inclusivity when using ethical AI. This includes the regular evaluations of AI systems to detect biases and ensure that they follow ethical principles (Akinrinola et al., 2024). Governments can build public trust and enhance public participation in governance by proactively addressing these ethical problems. In conclusion, incorporating AI tools in public sector governance can improve transparency, enhance decision making, simplify processes, and engage stakeholders. When AI tools are incorporated responsibly and ethically, governments have the potential to significantly enhance their operational efficiency and service delivery, which ultimately leads to better governance outcomes.
The public sector can benefit significantly from incorporating AI tools to improve efficiency and decision making. However, it is important to consider the risks that also come with this technology. Research reveals that various factors, such as ethical considerations, technological limitations, and policy restrictions, play an important role in influencing the development, implementation, and outcomes of AI systems. Therefore, it is important to engage in careful deliberation and strategic planning in order to address these challenges and ensure the ethical integration of AI in the public sector.
There are numerous legal and ethical problems when AI tools are used in government agencies. These problems include algorithmic bias, data privacy, security, and various organizational and technological obstacles. One key problem is algorithmic bias, which happens when AI systems unintentionally reinforce the existing societal biases found in the training data. Research indicates that biases can emerge at different stages of AI development, such as during data collection, algorithm design, and implementation. As a result, these biases can lead to discriminatory outcomes that primarily affect marginalized groups of people (Ntoutsi et al., 2020; Nazer et al., 2023). For instance, a study found that a widely used AI algorithm in healthcare revealed significant bias against Black patients, with 18% of them being under-represented in care recommendations. This emphasizes the need for solid systems to assess and minimize bias in AI throughout all stages, therefore ensuring equitable outcomes in the delivery of public service (Nazer et al., 2023).
The development of AI technologies raises important moral questions, especially about privacy and security. Problems such as data ownership, misuse, and consent arise when large amounts of personal data are gathered and processed. To enhance public trust and ensure accountability in the public sector, it is necessary to ensure transparency in the decision-making processes associated with AI (de Fine Licht & de Fine Licht, 2020). Additionally, many public sector organizations are not ready in terms of the infrastructure and workforce that is needed to implement AI systems effectively. A thorough analysis shows that to incorporate AI in public health effectively, it is necessary to update data governance and invest in infrastructure to address the current skill gaps in the workforce (Fisher & Rosella, 2022). Successful AI integration requires careful planning and resource allocation.
The AI environment in the public sector faces challenges that are basically due to insufficient oversight and accountability. The lack of clear regulatory frameworks and ethical standards for integrating AI can lead to problems with responsibility and inconsistent practices. The “black box” nature of many AI systems complicates the ability to audit and understand how decisions are made, which can negatively impact public trust and ethical standards (de Fine Licht & de Fine Licht, 2020; Gualdi & Cordella, 2021). To solve these problems, a coordinated effort is needed to develop comprehensive policies that improve innovation while ensuring ethical considerations in the use of AI.
It is important to consider the socioeconomic impact of implementing artificial intelligence within governmental institutions, especially in terms of digital inequality and resistance to change. Digital inequalities and access to technology can exacerbate preexisting inequalities. This can contribute to hindering certain groups of people from fully benefiting from advancements in AI (Moreno, 2023). Additionally, resistance to change, often rooted in organizational habits and culture, can impede the effective integration of AI technology. Research indicates that strong leadership can enhance a supportive environment that is conducive to AI readiness (Li et al., 2023). In order to ensure that AI does not perpetuate the existing inequalities, but rather enhances public governance and accountability, it is very important to address these socioeconomic factors. AI technology can change significantly how public sector finances are managed and governed. However, it is essential to think about the ethical and legal challenges that arise. Public sector organizations can use AI tools responsibly by addressing bias in algorithms, ensuring privacy and security, overcoming technological barriers, and considering the social and economic impacts.
In conclusion, the literature review provides a theoretical framework for comprehending the transformative capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) in public administration by integrating the existing research, pinpointing essential ideas, and highlighting deficiencies in the current knowledge base. The paper synthesizes data from previous studies, illustrating how AI can improve operational efficiency, foster transparency and accountability, and tackle ethical and legal issues within public sector settings. These insights furnish the essential backdrop for the selection of cases and the formulation of research questions in the study.
Artificial intelligence is acknowledged for its ability to boost operational efficiency in public administration via automation, resource allocation optimization, and improved decision-making processes. Researchers like Wirtz et al. have illustrated how AI applications optimize administrative processes, resulting in enhanced productivity and cost efficiency. Ishengoma et al. have similarly highlighted the amalgamation of AI with IoT technologies to enhance data-driven decision making and internal productivity. These studies emphasize AI’s potential to revolutionize public administration while also indicating the necessity for additional research into its distinct problems and ramifications inside governmental frameworks.
The literature emphasizes the significance of AI in promoting openness and accountability in government. AI can facilitate evidence-based decision making by providing data-driven insights, as seen by Gualdi and Cordella (2021). Nonetheless, the ethical issues related to AI decision making, including prejudice and public trust, continue to pose significant hurdles. Meek et al. emphasize the necessity of resolving these ethical concerns to avert the erosion of accountability in AI systems. Moreover, Arslan emphasizes the necessity of scrutinizing governance frameworks to guarantee that the application of AI improves, rather than hinders, public sector openness.
Ethical and legal considerations are prominent themes in the literature, highlighting substantial gaps that necessitate study. Researchers like Asilyan and Necrasova (2023) have underscored the intricate concerns AI presents regarding legal accountability and regulatory supervision, stressing the immediate necessity for comprehensive frameworks to tackle these challenges. Kaushik similarly urges for the incorporation of ethical considerations into AI policy creation to guarantee its appropriate implementation in public services. Although conceptual frameworks for ethical AI exist, there is a significant deficiency in actual implementation standards, highlighting a crucial topic for further investigation.
The literature indicates a lack of cross-national comparative research about AI implementation in public administration. Although scholars such as Alhosani and Alhashmi have examined the disparate levels of AI adoption in various governmental contexts, there is a distinct necessity for more thorough evaluations to guide policy measures. The deficiency in comparative studies necessitates the inclusion of varied case studies in this research, with the objective of examining how different nations address the difficulties and opportunities posed by AI in governance.
The insights derived from the literature have directly influenced the design and technique of this study. Initially, they have delineated the fundamental issues of the research, emphasizing operational efficiency, transparency, and ethical considerations. The recorded disparities in AI adoption among nations have informed the choice of case studies to guarantee a thorough examination of varied situations. The observed gaps in the literature, especially with ethical frameworks and cross-country comparisons, have influenced the study questions, highlighting the necessity for pragmatic advice for public sector executives. This foundation allows the study to significantly add to the current discussion on the impact of AI in modernizing public administration.
4. Methodology
Building on the theoretical foundation established in the literature review, this study adopts a qualitative case study methodology to explore the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in public administration. The case study approach allows for an in-depth investigation of complex phenomena within their real-life contexts, providing valuable insights into AI’s operational and strategic impact (Bryman, 2016; Yin, 2018).
Case Selection: This study utilizes a systematic and structured methodology to discover and analyze case studies illustrating the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in public administration across many countries. The methodology was crafted to guarantee a transparent and reproducible procedure, commencing with an exhaustive study of the current literature to discern critical themes, trends, and obstacles related to AI adoption in the public sector. Specific selection criteria were established to direct the case identification process based on this review. The criteria emphasized situations that had substantial effects on governmental operations or services, illustrated new uses of AI pertinent to public administration, and provided access to comprehensive, trustworthy data for thorough investigation.
The case selection procedure occurred in a systematic series of steps. A comprehensive literature review was performed to uncover relevant instances from academic publications, government papers, and industry documentation. Subsequently, each case was assessed according to the defined criteria, which highlighted their significance in relation to overarching trends in AI application and their ability to yield substantive insights on AI-induced changes in governance. Subject matter experts evaluated and confirmed the shortlisted instances to ensure conformity with the study’s objectives, culminating in a final selection that exemplifies various and significant applications of AI in public administration. In order to ensure the strength of our case study selection, we involved a panel of subject matter experts specializing in artificial intelligence and public administration. These experts, comprising two PhD holders with over 15 years of experience in technology policy and a former government official with firsthand experience implementing AI solutions in public services, were selected based on their published works and contributions to national technology strategies. Their role was to validate the alignment of the selected instances with the study’s objectives, thereby enhancing the credibility and relevance of our findings. The duration for this approach extended over six months, allowing adequate time for literature review, criteria formulation, case identification, and expert confirmation.
To offer a thorough yet targeted examination of the revolutionary potential of AI in various facets of government, this analysis is structured around five critical AI applications in public administration. To demonstrate the range and depth of AI’s influence on government, we will focus on five applications: improving citizen welfare through interconnected public services, modernizing legacy infrastructure, creating composable government enterprises, making decisions based on analytics, and improving employee experience with digital workspaces (Al-Besher & Kumar, 2022). Every application showcases a crucial domain where AI has shown to be a game-changer in tackling modern problems and encouraging innovation in government.
The selection of Estonia, Finland, and Singapore as case studies, despite their advanced technological landscapes and high socioeconomic standards, was driven by their unique approaches to integrating AI within different frameworks of public administration. These countries were chosen not to compare different levels of technology adoption per se but to showcase how similarly advanced nations tailor AI technologies to their specific administrative and cultural contexts. This focus allows us to explore how varied governance structures and policy environments influence the strategic deployment of AI, thereby providing valuable insights into its scalability and adaptability in enhancing governance and public service delivery.
Estonia is internationally acknowledged for its innovative contributions to e-government, rendering it an ideal candidate for examining the influence of AI on integrated public services. The nation’s effective execution of digital identification systems, blockchain-secured registries, and the “once-only” principle illustrates its ability to enhance public service delivery via AI. Estonia’s adaptability as a tiny nation, coupled with its dedication to promoting automated decision making through the Kratt Project, strongly matches the ideas of modernizing outdated infrastructure and improving analytics-driven decision making.
Singapore distinguishes itself by its ambitious national AI strategy, which emphasizes scalable and impactful AI solutions aimed at enhancing productivity and citizen involvement. The nation’s implementation of AI-driven solutions, such as the Pair suite for automating administrative functions, exemplifies its leadership in improving employee experience and modular government enterprise. Singapore’s localized adaptation of AI models underscores its creative strategy in reconciling data privacy with efficient execution.
Finland has established itself as a frontrunner in AI research and implementation, propelled by projects such as the AuroraAI network and the Artificial Intelligence 4.0 program. Finland’s emphasis on public–private partnership and its initiatives to update legislation for responsible AI use closely correspond with the study’s topics of legacy infrastructure modernization and analytics-driven decision making. Moreover, Finland’s strategic focus on cultivating a strong digital economy highlights its dedication to interconnected and adaptive public management.
These nations exemplify distinct governance structures, population scales, and levels of AI integration, providing a diversified yet concentrated viewpoint. Although restricting the investigation to three nations diminishes geographical representation, this method facilitates a more profound and extensive examination of AI’s impact on public administration across many situations. The study offers a well-rounded view that incorporates both generalizability and specificity by coordinating the five applications with examples from these three nations. This method guarantees that the results are based on real-world examples and have broad applicability to public administration on a global scale. The chosen countries and applications work together to support the study’s goal of showing how AI can change governance in different ways. This will help public sector leaders and policymakers around the world gain practical insights. The study further clarifies the meanings of “broad extent” and “significant influence” of AI. The phrase “broad extent” denotes the varied fields within public administration where AI is applicable, encompassing citizen services, internal governmental functions, infrastructure modernization, and data-informed decision making. “Significant influence” underscores the quantifiable enhancements AI has contributed to operational efficiency, accessibility, flexibility, and overall results in various areas. This meticulous case selection method seeks to elucidate AI’s disruptive potential in public administration and to furnish practical insights into its ability to enhance governance and public service delivery.
Data Collection: The data collection for this study occurred over four months, concentrating on obtaining extensive and trustworthy information to analyze the implementation of AI in public administration within the chosen countries. The secondary data sources were government documents, national AI strategies, official studies, and policy papers, which offered direct insights into the nations’ methodologies for AI integration in governance. These were augmented by other secondary sources including scholarly research articles, industry publications, and case studies that provided further context and analysis.
The integration of secondary sources established a solid platform for the study, encompassing both official narratives and independent assessments of AI implementation. Significant emphasis was placed on obtaining high-quality, current data that illustrated the practical applications of AI in five key areas: interconnected public services, improving employee experience, modernizing legacy infrastructure, composable government enterprise, and analytics-driven decision making. The systematic data-gathering procedure established a robust empirical foundation for the study, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of AI’s transformative effects on public administration in Estonia, Singapore, and Finland.
Data Analysis: This study’s data analysis aimed to extract significant insights from a comprehensive examination of secondary sources, encompassing government documents, national AI strategies, official policy papers, scholarly articles, industry publications, and pertinent case studies. The investigation concentrated on discerning patterns and themes that elucidate the transformative impact of AI in public administration within the selected countries: Estonia, Singapore, and Finland.
The approach commenced with the organization of data into five principal theme areas identified during collection: interconnected public services, enhancement of employee experience, modernization of legacy infrastructure, composable government enterprise, and analytics-driven decision making. This classification enabled a systematic method for examining the implementation of AI technologies and their results in each setting. Thematic analysis was conducted employing both deductive and inductive methodologies. Deductive coding was directed by the theoretical framework outlined in the literature study, which presented pre-defined issues like operational efficiency, transparency, and ethical considerations. Inductive coding facilitated the emergence of novel, unforeseen ideas directly from the data, providing a comprehensive comprehension of AI’s position in each nation.
The study applied a comparison analysis across the three case studies to enhance the trustworthiness of the findings. Data from each nation were analyzed separately to discern distinct patterns and trends, subsequently followed by a cross-case comparison to emphasize similarities and contrasts. This comparative method elucidated common problems, including ethical and legal complexities, as well as distinct ones, such as differences in governance structures and technology priorities, that affect AI implementation. The study utilized solely document analysis, maintaining rigor through the cross-referencing of several source types. Government studies and strategies presented official viewpoints, whilst independent research writings and industry publications delivered critical evaluations. The triangulation of sources reduced bias and improved the thoroughness of the analysis.
Initiatives to uphold objectivity encompassed frequent team conversations to assess and corroborate the coding process and developing themes. Moreover, comprehensive documentation of all the analytical procedures was preserved, guaranteeing transparency and the capacity to trace decisions made throughout the analysis. This approach guaranteed that the conclusions on AI’s disruptive potential in public administration are solid and based on a comprehensive analysis of the facts.
Reporting Findings: Finally, the results were synthesized and reported in a way that translates research findings into practical strategies for public administrators. The report provided a detailed overview of each case and offered recommendations for future AI projects in public administration. It also emphasizes the need for ethical considerations and governance frameworks.
This study uses these methodological steps to contribute to the existing literature on artificial intelligence within the field of public administration. It also seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners who want to use technology to improve better governance and accountability.
5. Case Study Analysis and Findings
This case study examines the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on public sector governance in three (3) different countries. Every country shows a unique way of AI integration to enhance public administration and governance. This analysis seeks to explain how AI technologies are used to enhance interconnected public services, modernize old infrastructures, establish active government projects, improve employee experiences in digital work environments, and achieve better decision making based on analytics by considering these different initiatives. The findings from Estonia, Singapore, and Finland collectively show the different ways in which AI technologies are used in the public sector. This emphasizes both the challenges faced and the advantages gained in using these advanced technological solutions.
Estonia has emerged as a global leader in the integration of artificial intelligence within its e-governance system. The country showcases an innovative approach to managing public finances. The country’s unique AI tools, such as automated tax filing and predictive budget analysis, significantly enhance financial transparency and improve government expenditure. Estonia is selected as a case study due to its prominent role in digital governance. The country is recognized internationally as a model for other countries (Margetts & Naumann, 2017; Lember et al., 2018). The Estonian government’s commitment to using AI technologies improves public services and encourages accountability as well as citizen engagement.
This study conducted an extensive review of the existing literature on AI tools and e-government services in Estonia. This literature included academic publications, government reports, and case studies that emphasize the effective implementations of AI. The Estonian government has established a detailed AI strategy that aims to enhance public services while ensuring data security through its X-Road system. This system enables secure data exchange between different government agencies (Lember et al., 2018). Additionally, citizen feedback and public opinion data were analyzed to assess how well these AI-driven services are working and how they are received. This ensures a complete understanding of the context and outcomes of Estonia’s AI initiatives.
The study revealed that the integration of artificial intelligence in automated tax filing systems has significantly reduced administrative challenges. It enables citizens to submit their tax returns with little effort. This efficiency increased compliance rates and enhanced the overall improvement in the user experience (Bodemer, 2023). Additionally, using predictive analytics for budget forecasting enabled the Estonian government to analyze previous data and economic indicators. This leads to better accuracy and quicker responses in budgetary planning (Noordt & Misuraca, 2020). The integration of AI improves governance by enabling more effective resource allocation and timely responses to economic fluctuations, thereby ensuring the sustainability of public services.
A comparative analysis was conducted with other countries using AI in governance to understand how effective AI is in managing public finances. This study revealed the similarities and differences in the approaches to AI integration, providing insights into what helps make its use successful. The study provided valuable insights into the factors that make the use of AI successful. The proactive approach of Estonia, which emphasizes services for citizens and data protection, has been acknowledged as a leading example of using AI technology. This study highlights the significance of addressing ethical issues and establishing governance frameworks to ensure that AI technologies promote public value and accountability.
In conclusion, the integration of AI into Estonia’s e-governance services shows how AI can transform the management of public finances. This case study reveals that automated tax filings and predictive analytics can significantly enhance financial transparency and operational efficiency. Hence, it will help strengthen citizens’ trust in government. The pioneering role of Estonia in e-governance provides valuable information for other countries aiming to use technology to improve public administration and service delivery.
The “Moments of Life” initiative in Singapore shows how government institutions can effectively use artificial intelligence and digital technology to improve the experience of citizens (Zhang, 2021). Launched as a part of the Smart Nation project, “Moments of Life” is designed to make it easier for people to have access to government services during important life events, such as childbirth and bereavement. This strategy aims to facilitate public service delivery and strengthen the connection between citizens and government institutions (Huiling & Goh, 2017).
The “Moments of Life” initiative brings together services from various government agencies into a unified and user-friendly digital platform. This setup allows citizens to access important services without having to visit multiple websites or visit several physical offices. For instance, new parents can use the “Moments of Life” app to record their child’s birth. They can also use it to apply for relevant financial support and schedule vaccinations, all within one integrated platform. This approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed for citizens to interact with government services, thereby improving their overall experience.
The integration of artificial intelligence is important to this transition. It has assisted the government of Singapore in leveraging AI technologies to offer personalized and proactive services. The “Moments of Life” app uses AI algorithms to analyze user information and send personalized notifications. This app can remind citizens about upcoming vaccinations or school enrollment deadlines based on the information the government already has in the system. Additionally, AI chatbots are included on the platform to help citizens with questions and guide them through various procedures. These chatbots improve efficiency by providing quick answers to frequently asked questions. It also reduces wait times and makes services more accessible to everyone.
The introduction of the AI-Based Citizen Question–Answer Recommender (ACQAR) system in Singapore’s government agencies represents a significant improvement in how quality services are delivered (Lee, 2024). ACQAR is designed to generate relevant responses for customer service agents. It also improves interactions between the government and citizens in a progressively digital world. This technology uses both natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to evaluate citizen questions and deliver accurate and precise answers. This capability enhances the efficiency of service delivery and ensures that citizens receive detailed and comprehensive responses to their inquiries (Lee et al., 2023).
The ACQAR system aims to address the evolving expectations of citizens, who are increasingly seeking efficient, exclusive, and responsive government services. Providing customer care representatives or agents with AI-generated recommendations will increase their ability to assist citizens, significantly leading to a more positive interaction experience. This initiative corresponds with Singapore’s broader objective of transforming into a Smart Nation, as it uses technology to enhance the quality of public services and improve the quality of life of its citizens (Ho, 2017).
In conclusion, Singapore’s “Moments of Life” initiative, along with the implementation of the ACQAR system, shows the transformative capabilities of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in the field of public administration. These initiatives demonstrate the ability of governments to use technology to facilitate access to services and improve the quality of interactions with citizens, leading to better service delivery and meeting the needs of the public.
The implementation of artificial intelligence in Finland to improve governance in public administration through the national AuroraAI program shows how the country is committed to leveraging technology for better delivery of public services. The AuroraAI program aims to change how public services are delivered. It focuses more on people’s life events rather than task-oriented services, which often limits how the needs of citizens are met within different departments (Leikas et al., 2022). AuroraAI focuses on comprehending the complete life situations of people. It addresses the complex and varied needs of residents, especially during significant transitions such as childbirth, education, health issues, or job shifts (Observatory of Public Sector Innovation (OPSI), 2022).
The integration of AI technologies in the AuroraAI framework improves the efficiency of financial reporting and strengthens budget management. Automated systems and predictive analytics are used to improve financial operations, minimize errors, and accelerate report generation. Predictive analytics can evaluate previous financial data to forecast future budget needs, helping public managers allocate resources more effectively and transparently (Wirtz et al., 2018). This capability increases the accuracy of financial accounts and promotes more transparency in public financial management, which is also important for strengthening citizens’ trust in government operations (Kuziemski & Misuraca, 2020).
The impact of AI-driven initiatives on the accuracy and clarity of financial statements is essential. Automating standard financial reporting procedures reduces the chance of human error and this results in more reliable financial information. Additionally, the ability to produce reports rapidly facilitates prompt decision making and improves the responsiveness of public administration to changing situations (Wachter & Mittelstadt, 2018). Ensuring transparency in financial management is important for building public trust. This transparency ensures that citizens are more likely to have confidence in a system that demonstrates accountability and efficiency.
Integrating AI into local government structures faces various challenges. Some of these challenges include data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the complexity of AI systems which can hinder effective implementation (Noordt & Misuraca, 2020). Finland has adopted a proactive strategy that prioritizes ethical governance in the incorporation of AI to address these issues. The formation of an Ethics Board as a part of the AuroraAI initiative guarantees that a diverse range of stakeholder viewpoints are taken into account and potential unintended outcomes are proactively addressed (Wong et al., 2022). This commitment to ethical AI practices not only protects human rights but also enhances public trust in the use of technology.
In conclusion, the AuroraAI program of Finland also shows how AI can transform public administration. Finland has improved the precision and transparency of its financial management processes by maximizing financial reporting and budget management through automated technologies and predictive analytics. These improvements build public trust in government processes and enhance efficiency and accountability in the public sector. The commitment of Finland to integrating AI, along with its focus on ethical governance and collaboration across sectors, serves as a model for other countries aiming to use technology to improve public service delivery.
6. Conclusions
The use of artificial intelligence has significant potential to greatly enhance government transparency and oversight of government expenditures. This study has examined how AI can address persistent inefficiencies and provide innovative solutions to public administration. Artificial intelligence technologies, including predictive analytics, fraud detection systems, and automated financial reporting, show significant advantages in maximizing processes, enhancing decision making, and increasing transparency. These innovations contribute to more ethical and accountable governance, which ultimately increases public trust.
The integration of artificial intelligence, however, brings specific issues. Issues including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the need for thorough ethical frameworks must be addressed to ensure equitable use. Additionally, the successful integration of AI requires strong policy frameworks, investments in digital infrastructure, and the development of skills among public sector employees.
The case studies of Estonia, Singapore, and Finland show how AI technologies can transform public finance management and engage citizens with new, people-focused approaches. These cases emphasize the importance of shaping AI solutions to the specific needs of each governance context while ensuring ethical and inclusive standards. The case study investigation of the transformative effects of AI on public sector governance in Estonia, Singapore, and Finland demonstrates significant progress in public administration and public service delivery. Each country shows different uses of AI to improve interconnected public services. The countries also use AI to modernize outdated infrastructures and refine decision-making processes while concurrently addressing the issues associated with these technologies.
Estonia stands out as a leader in digital governance, particularly due to its innovative e-governance system that integrates AI into public financial management. The implementation of computerized tax filings and predictive analytics for budget anticipation has significantly improved both the financial transparency and efficiency of governmental expenditures. This approach enhances administrative effectiveness and encourages greater community engagement and accountability (Wirtz et al., 2018). The Estonian government shows a strong commitment to a comprehensive AI strategy that includes the X-Road system for secure data transmission. This sets a great example for ethical AI integration (Noordt & Misuraca, 2020). The positive outcomes of these initiatives, such as higher compliance rates and better user experiences, reveal how AI can transform public financial management (Kaushik & Rathore, 2020).
The “Moments of Life” initiative in Singapore shows how AI can improve the experience of citizens by making it easier for them to access government services during important life events. This initiative combines services from various departments into a user-friendly digital platform. This significantly minimizes the time and effort that are required for citizens to navigate through government bureaucracy (Zheng et al., 2018). Artificial intelligence plays an important role in shaping service delivery by using algorithms to analyze user data or information. This also enables personalized notifications and support through AI chatbots (Androutsopoulou et al., 2019). The integration of the AI-based citizen Question–Answer Recommender (ACQAR) system enhances service delivery by providing customer service representatives with relevant responses to their questions, improving the quality of interactions between citizens and government (Shonhe & Kolobe, 2023).
The AuroraAI initiative in Finland reveals a human-centric or people-focused approach to public service delivery. It emphasizes the whole life situations of people rather than just sticking to traditional departmental boundaries. Finland is enhancing the efficiency and transparency of its public financial management through the use of AI technology for automated financial reporting and predictive analytics (Janssen et al., 2020). The proactive formation of an Ethics Board inside the AuroraAI initiative reveals Finland’s commitment to ethical governance and the reduction in potential risks associated with AI integration, including data privacy and algorithmic bias (Ubaldi et al., 2019). This initiative also enhances accountability and strengthens public trust in governmental operations.
The case studies of Estonia, Singapore, and Finland show how AI can greatly improve public sector governance. They show extensive progress in service delivery, financial management, and citizen engagement. The experiences of these countries reveal the advantages of AI while also facing ethical dilemmas and practical constraints. This provides important revelations for other countries looking to improve public services and the quality of life for their citizens. As governments implement AI technology, it is important to balance technological progress with democratic values, as well as ensure accountability, efficiency, and public trust in governance. Future research and policy initiatives should focus on establishing thorough frameworks to address ethical, legal, and operational challenges. This will facilitate AI’s role in driving fair and effective reforms in the public sector.
Both C.A. and T.U.U. have equally contributed to each aspect of this research article. Specifically, conceptualization, C.A. and T.U.U.; methodology, C.A. and T.U.U.; formal analysis, C.A. and T.U.U.; resources, C.A. and T.U.U.; data curation, C.A. and T.U.U.; writing—original draft preparation, C.A. and T.U.U.; writing—review and editing, C.A. and T.U.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Data are contained within the article.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
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Abstract
This study investigates the transformative capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving financial accountability and governance in the public sector. The study aims to explore the strategic potential and constraints of AI integration, especially as fiscal systems become more complex and public expectations for transparency increase. This study employs a qualitative case study methodology to analyze three countries, which are Estonia, Singapore, and Finland. These countries are renowned for their innovative use of AI in public administration. The data collection tools included an extensive review of the literature, governmental publications, case studies, and public feedback. The study reveals that AI-driven solutions such as predictive analytics, fraud detection systems, and automated reporting significantly improve operational efficiency, transparency, and decision making. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the need for strong ethical guidelines still exist, and these could hinder the equitable use of AI. The study emphasizes the importance of aligning technological progress with democratic values and ethical governance by addressing these problems. The study also enhances the dialog around AI’s role in public administration. It provides practical recommendations for policymakers who seek to use AI wisely to promote public trust, improve efficiency, and ensure accountability in governance. Future research should focus on enhancing ethical frameworks and investigating scalable solutions to overcome the social and technical challenges of AI integration.
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Details
1 Public Administartion Department, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye
2 International Trade and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye