Abstract

Background

We conducted this study to assess the prevalence of viral coinfection in a well characterized cohort of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to investigate the impact of coinfection on disease severity.

Methods

Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for endemic respiratory viruses was performed on upper respiratory tract samples from 1002 patients with COVID-19, aged <1 year to 102 years old, recruited to the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK study. Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected prospectively up to 28 days post discharge.

Results

A coinfecting virus was detected in 20 (2.0%) participants. Multivariable analysis revealed no significant risk factors for coinfection, although this may be due to rarity of coinfection. Likewise, ordinal logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between coinfection and increased disease severity.

Conclusions

Viral coinfection was rare among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Kingdom during the first 18 months of the pandemic. With unbiased prospective sampling, we found no evidence of an association between viral coinfection and disease severity. Public health interventions disrupted normal seasonal transmission of respiratory viruses; relaxation of these measures mean it will be important to monitor the prevalence and impact of respiratory viral coinfections going forward.

Details

Title
Viral Coinfections in Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Recruited to the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK Study
Author
Vink, Elen 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Davis, Chris 1 ; MacLean, Alasdair 2 ; Pascall, David 3 ; McDonald, Sarah E 1 ; Gunson, Rory 2 ; Hardwick, Hayley E 4 ; Oosthuyzen, Wilna 5 ; Openshaw, Peter J M 6 ; Baillie, J Kenneth 5 ; Semple, Malcolm G 4 ; Ho, Antonia 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Barclay, Wendy S; Bogaert, Debby; Chand, Meera; Chechi, Kanta; Cooke, Graham S; Ana da Silva Filipe; de Silva, Thushan; Docherty, Annemarie B; Gonçalo dos Santos Correia; Dumas, Marc-Emmanuel; Dunning, Jake; Fletcher, Tom; Green, Christoper A; Greenhalf, William; Griffin, Julian L; Gupta, Rishi K; Harrison, Ewen M; Hiscox, Julian A; Ho, Antonia Ying Wai; Holden, Karl; Horby, Peter W; Ijaz, Samreen; Khoo, Saye; Klenerman, Paul; Law, Andrew; Lewis, Matthew R; Liggi, Sonia; Wei Shen Lim; Maslen, Lynn; Mentzer, Alexander J; Merson, Laura; Meynert, Alison M; Moore, Shona C; Noursadeghi, Mahdad; Olanipekun, Michael; Osagie, Anthonia; Palmarini, Massimo; Palmieri, Carlo; Paxton, William A; Pollakis, Georgios; Price, Nicholas; Rambaut, Andrew; Robertson, David L; Russell, Clark D; Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa; Sands, Caroline J; Scott, Janet T; Sigfrid, Louise; Solomon, Tom; Sriskandan, Shiranee; Stuart, David; Summers, Charlotte; Swann, Olivia V; Takats, Zoltan; Panteleimon Takis; Tedder, Richard S; Thompson, A A Roger; Thomson, Emma C; Thwaites, Ryan S; Lance CW Turtle; Zambon, Maria; Drake, Thomas M; Fairfield, Cameron J; Knight, Stephen R; Mclean, Kenneth A; Murphy, Derek; Norman, Lisa; Riinu Pius; Shaw, Catherine A; Connor, Marie; Dalton, Jo; Gamble, Carrol; Girvan, Michelle; Halpin, Sophie; Harrison, Janet; Jackson, Clare; Lee, James; Marsh, Laura; Plotkin, Daniel; Roberts, Stephanie; Saviciute, Egle; Clohisey, Sara; Hendry, Ross; Knight, Susan; Lahnsteiner, Eva; Leeming, Gary; Norris, Lucy; Scott-Brown, James; Tait, Sarah; Wham, Murray; Richard Clark 7 ; Coutts, Audrey; Donnelly, Lorna; Fawkes, Angie; Gilchrist, Tammy; Hafezi, Katarzyna; MacGillivray, Louise; Maclean, Alan; McCafferty, Sarah; Morrice, Kirstie; Murphy, Lee; Wrobel, Nicola; Adeniji, Kayode; Agranoff, Daniel; Agwuh, Ken; Ail, Dhiraj; Aldera, Erin L; Alegria, Ana; Allen, Sam; Angus, Brian; Ashish, Abdul; Atkinson, Dougal; Bari, Shahedal; Barlow, Gavin; Barnass, Stella; Barrett, Nicholas; Bassford, Christopher; Basude, Sneha; Baxter, David; Beadsworth, Michael; Bernatoniene, Jolanta; Berridge, John; Berry, Colin; Best, Nicola; Bothma, Pieter; Brittain-Long, Robin; Bulteel, Naomi; Burden, Tom; Burtenshaw, Andrew; Caruth, Vikki; Chadwick, David; Duncan Chambler; Chee, Nigel; Child, Jenny; Chukkambotla, Srikanth; Clark, Tom; Collini, Paul; Cosgrove, Catherine; Cupitt, Jason; Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel; Dark, Paul; Dawson, Chris; Dervisevic, Samir; Donnison, Phil; Douthwaite, Sam; Drummond, Andrew; DuRand, Ingrid; Dushianthan, Ahilanadan; Dyer, Tristan; Evans, Cariad; Eziefula, Chi; Fegan, Chrisopher; Finn, Adam; Fullerton, Duncan; Garg, Sanjeev; Garg, Atul; Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni; Godden, Jo; Goldsmith, Arthur; Graham, Clive; Grammatikopoulos, Tassos; Hardy, Elaine; Hartshorn, Stuart; Harvey, Daniel; Havalda, Peter; Hawcutt, Daniel B; Hobrok, Maria; Hodgson, Luke; Hormis, Anil; Howard, Joanne; Jacobs, Michael; Jain, Susan; Jennings, Paul; Agilan Kaliappan; Kasipandian, Vidya; Kegg, Stephen; Kelsey, Michael; Kendall, Jason; Kerrison, Caroline; Kerslake, Ian; Koch, Oliver; Koduri, Gouri; Koshy, George; Laha, Shondipon; Laird, Steven; Larkin, Susan; Leiner, Tamas; Lillie, Patrick; Limb, James; Linnett, Vanessa; Little, Jeff; Lyttle, Mark; MacMahon, Michael; MacNaughton, Emily; Mankregod, Ravish; Masson, Huw; Matovu, Elijah; McCullough, Katherine; McEwen, Ruth; Meda, Manjula; Mills, Gary; Minton, Jane; Mirfenderesky, Mariyam; Mohandas, Kavya; Mok, Quen; Moon, James; Moore, Elinoor; Morgan, Patrick; Morris, Craig; Mortimore, Katherine; Moses, Samuel; Mpenge, Mbiye; Mulla, Rohinton; Murphy, Michael; Nagarajan, Thapas; Nagel, Megan; Nelson, Mark; Norris, Lillian; O'Shea, Matthew K; Ostermann, Marlies; Otahal, Igor; Pais, Mark; Panchatsharam, Selva; Papakonstantinou, Danai; Papineni, Padmasayee; Paraiso, Hassan; Patel, Brij; Pattison, Natalie; Pepperell, Justin; Peters, Mark; Phull, Mandeep; Pintus, Stefania; Planche, Tim; Post, Frank; Price, David; Prout, Rachel; Rae, Nikolas; Reschreiter, Henrik; Reynolds, Tim; Richardson, Neil; Roberts, Mark; Roberts, Devender; Rose, Alistair; Rousseau, Guy; Ruge, Bobby; Ryan, Brendan; Saluja, Taranprit; Cole, Sarah; Schmid, Matthias L; Shah, Aarti; Shankar-Hari, Manu; Prad Shanmuga; Sharma, Anil; Shawcross, Anna; Jagtur Singh Pooni; Sizer, Jeremy; Smith, Richard; Snelson, Catherine; Spittle, Nick; Staines, Nikki; Stambach, Tom; Stewart, Richard; Subudhi, Pradeep; Szakmany, Tamas; Tatham, Kate; Thomas, Jo; Thompson, Chris; Thompson, Robert; Tridente, Ascanio; Tupper-Carey, Darell; Twagira, Mary; Vallotton, Nick; Vancheeswaran, Rama; Vincent-Smith, Lisa; Visuvanathan, Shico; Vuylsteke, Alan; Waddy, Sam; Wake, Rachel; Walden, Andrew; Welters, Ingeborg; Whitehouse, Tony; Whittaker, Paul; Whittington, Ashley; Wijesinghe, Meme; Williams, Martin; Wilson, Lawrence; Winchester, Stephen; Wiselka, Martin; Wolverson, Adam; Wootton, Daniel G; Workman, Andrew; Yates, Bryan; Young, Peter; Shaw, Victoria; Ahmed, Katie A; Armstrong, Jane A; Ashworth, Milton; Asiimwe, Innocent G; Bakshi, Siddharth; Barlow, Samantha L; Booth, Laura; Brennan, Benjamin; Bullock, Katie; Carlucci, Nicola; Cass, Emily; Catterall, Benjamin W A; Clark, Jordan J; Clarke, Emily A; Cooper, Louise; Cox, Helen; Davis, Christopher; Dincarslan, Oslem; Carracedo, Alejandra Doce; Dunn, Chris; Dyer, Philip; Elliott, Angela; Evans, Anthony; Finch, Lorna; Fisher, Lewis W S; Flaherty, Lisa; Foster, Terry; Garcia-Dorival, Isabel; Gunning, Philip; Hartley, Catherine; Holmes, Anthony; Jensen, Rebecca L; Jones, Christopher B; Jones, Trevor R; Khandaker, Shadia; King, Katharine; Kiy, Robyn T; Koukorava, Chrysa; Lake, Annette; Lant, Suzannah; Latawiec, Diane; Lavelle-Langham, Lara; Lefteri, Daniella; Lett, Lauren; Livoti, Lucia A; Mancini, Maria; Massey, Hannah; Maziere, Nicole; McDonald, Sarah; McEvoy, Laurence; McLauchlan, John; Metelmann, Soeren; Miah, Nahida S; Middleton, Joanna; Mitchell, Joyce; Murphy, Ellen G; Penrice-Randal, Rebekah; Pilgrim, Jack; Prince, Tessa; Reynolds, Will; Ridley, P Matthew; Sales, Debby; Shaw, Victoria E; Shears, Rebecca K; Small, Benjamin; Subramaniam, Krishanthi S; Szemiel, Agnieska; Taggart, Aislynn; Tanianis-Hughes, Jolanta; Jordan, Thomas; Trochu, Erwan; Libby van Tonder; Wilcock, Eve; Zhang, J Eunice; Keating, Seán; Donegan, Cara; Spencer, Rebecca G; Donohue, Chloe; Griffiths, Fiona; Hardwick, Hayley

1  Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom 
2  West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde , Glasgow , United Kingdom 
3  MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom 
4  NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom 
5  Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom 
6  National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom 
7  Richard Clark 
Publication year
2022
Publication date
Nov 2022
Publisher
Oxford University Press
e-ISSN
23288957
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac531
ProQuest document ID
3171170938
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.