Ultra-processed food consumption in the central division of Fiji

Abstract

Background

Processed packaged foods are readily available in Fiji; however, the extent to which ultra-processed foods (UPFs) currently contribute to energy and nutrient intake is unknown. This study aimed to assess the contribution of UPFs to total energy intake and nutrients of concern (sodium, sugar, fat) in a representative sample of adults in the central division of Fiji, identify the main food category sources of UPFs and assess variation by sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods

A random sample of 700 adults was selected from two statistical enumeration areas (one semi-urban, one rural). Participant characteristics were collected, and a three-pass 24-h diet recall was undertaken. Foods consumed were coded based on the level of processing, in alignment with the NOVA categorisation system.

Results

The contribution of UPFs to total energy, fat, sugar, and sodium intake and dietary sources of UPFs (based on the per cent daily energy contribution of UPFs from food groups) were estimated and assessed by sex, age group, ethnicity and location. A total of 534 adults participated (76% response rate, 50% female). UPFs contributed 21.5% (95% CI, 21.4% to 26.6%) of total energy intake, 22.8% (95% CI 20.5% to 25.1%) of total sodium intake, 24.0% (95% CI, 21.4% to 26.6%) of sugar intake and 18.6% (95% CI 16.5% to 20.7%) of total fat intake. Key food group contributors to UPF intake were bread and bakery products 42.9% (38.3% to 47.6%), non-alcoholic beverages 26.8% (22.4% to 31.1%), convenience foods 8.6% (6.3% to 10.8%), and meat, poultry, and meat alternatives 6.9% (4.8% to 8.9%). The contribution of UPFs to sodium, sugar and fat intake was similar for men and women; however, differences were observed by age group, ethnicity and region (semi-urban compared to rural).

Conclusions

This study identified that UPFs appear to be a large contributor to energy, sodium, fat and sugar intake in adults in the Central division of Fiji. A reduction of UPF consumption in Fiji may lead to a reduction of harmful nutrients such as sodium, fat, and sugar, crucial to reducing the diet-related burden of disease.