Content area
Purpose
Public libraries serve as critical institutions for disseminating information, particularly in rural areas where access to educational and economic resources is limited. The study examined the role of public libraries in the dissemination of information to rural dwellers in Kogi State, Nigeria. It aims to identify services offered, user satisfaction levels, contributions to information access, methods of dissemination and challenges faced by public libraries in fulfilling their mandate.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employed a descriptive survey research method. The questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The population of the study comprised 2,620 registered members of public libraries of Kogi State, Nigeria. Proportionate stratified sample random sampling was used to select 262 members of the library for questionnaire administration.
Findings
The study found that public libraries are only providing effective services in the areas of agricultural information, health and political information while leaving aside other germane services that have the wherewithal to facilitate sustainable development in all facets of life. Challenges such as epileptic power supply, unstable internet access and subscription to illiteracy on the part of community members, inadequate materials in local languages and poor funding, among others, are still depriving effective dissemination of information to rural dwellers in Kogi State.
Originality/value
The study recommended, among others things that public library boards should broaden their service portfolios to include more career information, bookmobile services and current awareness programs. These services are essential for empowering rural dwellers with the knowledge required to navigate modern socioeconomic landscapes. More so, the findings of this study have profound implications for public librarianship in Nigeria, particularly in the context of practice, policy and future research. In addition, the study contributes to literature, policy and practice and provides fresh data on the role of public libraries in the dissemination of information to rural dwellers in Nigeria.
Introduction
A public library serves as a gateway to knowledge and provides the foundation for lifelong learning, independent decision-making, and cultural development for individuals and social groups. Public libraries are often regarded as crucial institutions for fostering an educated and literate population. They enlighten and sustain the educational status of individuals by acquiring, organizing, and storing recorded knowledge to enrich personal lives. Oyeniran (2023) notes that public libraries support lifelong learning and the development of cultural awareness while contributing to the realization of national development objectives.
The establishment of public libraries is rooted in the need to provide resources and services that address the public’s educational, research, recreational, cultural, political, and informational needs (Mohammed, 2019). These libraries, funded and maintained by governments, aim to deliver information services equitably to all members of society, regardless of educational background, age, gender, language, religion, or nationality (Rajendran and Ladan, 2020). Public libraries are characterized by their accessibility, free services, and commitment to serving the informational needs of their communities. They facilitate informal education, encourage positive use of leisure time, and promote recreational and cultural engagement, thereby enhancing the well-being of individuals and their communities.
Public libraries play a multifaceted role by catering to the intellectual, cultural, occupational, and religious information needs of diverse populations. They provide materials on a wide range of subjects to meet varying levels of demand, including specialized reference, research, and continuing education resources. Additionally, public libraries sponsor cultural and recreational events, organize educational programs, and promote lifelong learning among children, youths, and adults. Through these efforts, they encourage personal growth, creativity, and relaxation while supporting societal progress (Okafor, 2020). The importance of public libraries is underscored by their role in enhancing the productivity of individuals and organizations. Libraries achieve this through educational, informational, economic, and cultural functions that contribute to social development. Salubi and Majavu (2024) observe that library resources encompass a wide array of materials, including traditional print media like books and periodicals, as well as audiovisual and electronic resources such as CDs, e-books, online databases, and internet-based materials. Effective library services rely on the availability and accessibility of these resources, which are critical to meeting the diverse needs of users.
For rural dwellers, the need for relevant, efficient, and up-to-date information is especially pressing. Libraries serve as vital vehicles for information dissemination which addresses the educational, cultural, economic, and social needs of rural communities. Public libraries play a crucial role in supporting programs aimed at improving the standard of living in rural areas, which ultimately contribute to national development. Mbagwu et al. (2020) indicate that the significance of libraries in this regard is further emphasized in Nigeria’s Vision 2020 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which highlight the importance of information accessibility in achieving sustainable growth. Rural areas in Nigeria, comprising approximately 70% of the country’s population, hold the key to national development. The well-being of this majority depends on initiatives that promote rural development, which in turn catalyzes progress at the national level (Odejide et al., 2024). The diverse and multi-dimensional information needs of rural communities must be addressed to empower them socially, economically, educationally, and politically. This further indicates the indispensable role of public libraries in bridging the information gap and supporting holistic national development.
Statement of the problem
For a library to be truly functional, it must meet the needs of its users by ensuring they have effective access to and utilization of the available information resources and services. All activities, resources, and services of a library should be geared towards addressing the diverse information needs of the public. Public libraries play a critical role in providing access to information resources that enable individuals to advance in various aspects of life. Their relevance in bridging information gaps and fostering societal development cannot be overstated. However, in many developing countries, including Nigeria, public libraries have struggled to fulfill their objectives effectively.
Despite decades of existence, public libraries in Nigeria face significant challenges that have hindered their ability to provide adequate services. Among the most pressing issues is the government’s neglect of the pivotal role public libraries play in societal advancement. This neglect has resulted in a host of problems, including inadequate collections, outdated facilities, insufficient human resources, limited access to modern information technologies, and poor service quality. These challenges are exacerbated by a general lack of ICT skills among library staff, further limiting the capacity of libraries to meet modern information needs. At the core of these challenges lies the issue of poor funding, which underpins and magnifies other problems such as bad infrastructure, inadequate library materials, and a lack of relevant and up-to-date resources. Studies (Boloka and Ngoepe, 2024; Mugwisi et al., 2018; Mohammed and Garaba, 2018; Salman, 2017; Smith, 2020) have consistently shown that these issues impede the ability of public libraries to disseminate information effectively, particularly to rural dwellers who often rely on libraries for educational, social, and economic development. Factors such as poor road networks, outdated resources, and insufficient funding remain persistent barriers to effective library service delivery. Therefore, this paper aims to fill these identified gaps in the literature. This study will contribute to the ongoing discourse and growing body of literature on public libraries’ roles in the dissemination of information to rural dwellers.
Purpose of the study
The general objective of this study was to examine roles of public libraries in the dissemination of information to rural dwellers in 21 Local Government Area in Kogi State. The specific objectives were to:
- Identify the services provided by public libraries in Kogi State
- Determine the level of satisfaction with the services rendered by public libraries to rural dwellers
- Determine the perceived contributions of public libraries in information dissemination in Kogi State
- Examine how information is disseminated to rural dwellers in Kogi State
- Identify the challenges associated with the dissemination of information to rural dwellers in Kogi State
Literature review
Public library is the local center of information that provides all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users (Kosciejew, 2021; Smith, 2020). The services of public libraries are provided based on equality of access for all, regardless of age, race, sex, religion, nationality, language or social status (Grossman et al., 2022; Salubi and Majavu, 2024). Oyeniran (2023) states that many public libraries in Nigeria make special effort to conduct film shows, group discussions on library books, and organize programmes that are geared towards boosting their education. Okafor (2020) indicates that the services provided by public libraries include mobile library services, information and referral services, outreach programs, current awareness programmes, library services to children, selective dissemination of information (SDI), and others. Public libraries are used by different categories of human beings such as students, teachers, lecturers, lawyers, civil servants, architects, businessmen, engineers, etc. In addition, Patil and Kumbar (2021) observe that users of public libraries include children, young adults, adults and people with special needs such as those who have hearing problems and even the blind and the visually impaired. Others are prisoners, the aged, nursing mothers, organizations and people in government.
Public libraries play a critical role in bridging the information gap, particularly for rural communities. Several studies have explored the efficacy of public libraries in disseminating information to rural dwellers across various contexts. Boloka and Ngoepe (2024) examined the (re)packaging of information for rural dwellers in South Africa using a qualitative Delphi technique. The study emphasized the importance of providing free Wi-Fi in rural areas, such as churches and community centers, to bridge the digital divide. Free internet access was seen as a solution to the financial constraints faced by many unemployed rural residents, enabling them to access critical information such as job advertisements, education opportunities, and news. Similarly, Mugwisi et al. (2018) explored the facilitation of information services by public libraries in the Northern Library Region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data was gathered through face-to-face interviews with 24 librarians and 98 randomly selected library users. The study found that public libraries served diverse user groups, including learners, workers, parents, and young adults, addressing their unique information needs. However, challenges such as limited funding, inadequate skills, and technological barriers hindered effective service delivery.
In Nigeria, Enweani (2023) assessed the services provided by the Anambra State Public Library Board using a descriptive survey. Data collection through structured questionnaires revealed that services such as user education, mobile libraries, interlibrary loans, internet access, reprography, and reference services were offered. However, the adequacy of these services and resources was found to be low, pointing to gaps in meeting user needs effectively. Further, Ntogo-Saghanen and Echedom (2023) investigated public library services in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study found that library services were underutilized due to low awareness. Challenges identified included inadequate ICT resources, a lack of mobile library facilities like vans and boats, and insufficient funding.
Ogbonna (2020) examined the role of public libraries in enriching the rural information environment in Africa. The study highlighted that while ICT advancements had transformed the global information landscape, Africa continued to grapple with significant information and digital divides. Rural dwellers, who form the majority of Africa’s population, were most affected by limited access to information, perpetuating socioeconomic inequalities. In addition, Rajendran and Ladan (2020) focused on the factors affecting rural public library services in Northern Nigeria. Their survey revealed that most rural libraries lacked purpose-built facilities, with inadequate furniture, internet access, and resources. Key challenges included insufficient funding, a lack of proper meeting spaces, and inadequate children’s materials.
Garaba and Mohammed (2019) investigated the forms of information sources and services utilized by rural dwellers in Nigeria’s North-West zone. Despite high illiteracy levels, printed materials, posters, and audiovisual resources were widely accessed by library users. However, non-literate rural dwellers were significantly underserved, highlighting the need for more inclusive services. Awareness campaigns and traditional library services were among the primary services offered, though their impact remained limited. In Delta State, Nigeria, Omeluzor et al. (2017) assessed rural libraries’ contributions to rural development. Using a combination of questionnaires, interviews, and observations, they found that only 16 functional libraries existed across 25 local government areas. These libraries struggled to meet users' information needs due to outdated materials, illiteracy, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient skilled personnel.
Salman (2017) analyzed public library services in Nigeria, focusing on user satisfaction. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, including interviews, surveys, and observations. Findings revealed that outdated library materials, inadequate funding, insufficient staff, and poor infrastructure hindered effective service delivery. The study also criticized the traditional top-down administrative model of public libraries for its inefficiencies and lack of community participation. More so, Mohammed and Garaba (2018) explored the challenges faced by rural dwellers in accessing public library services in Nigeria’s North-West zone. Key barriers included centralized library services, a lack of community information centers, and high illiteracy rates. The study underscored the need for decentralized and community-focused library services to improve access. Lastly, Mohammed (2019) examined how public libraries in the North-Western zone of Nigeria addressed the information needs of rural dwellers. The findings revealed a reliance on both formal sources, such as printed materials and audiovisuals, and informal networks like community leaders and social gatherings. However, challenges such as language barriers, inadequate resources, and economic constraints limited the effectiveness of these services.
Across studies, it was found that rural dwellers predominantly rely on traditional library services, such as printed materials and audiovisuals, and that their information needs often center around agriculture, health, education, and local governance (e.g. Garaba and Mohammed, 2019; Mohammed, 2019). While studies like Boloka and Ngoepe (2024) and Mugwisi et al. (2018) were conducted in South Africa, others, such as Mohammed (2019) and Rajendran and Ladan (2020), focused on Nigerian rural contexts, with differences in cultural, economic, and technological factors. None of the reviewed studies specifically address the role of public libraries in Kogi State. While some studies focus on Nigeria, such as those by Ntogo-Saghanen and Echedom (2023) and Mohammed (2019), they are centered on other states or regions which leaves a gap in understanding the unique challenges and needs of rural dwellers in Kogi State.
Methodology
The study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population comprised 2, 620 registered members of public libraries in various local government areas of Kogi State. The sample comprised 262 registered members in the public libraries under study, using a proportionate stratified sample random sampling. This accounted for 10% of the total population of registered members of the 21 public libraries under study. This is in line with Barbosa et al. (2018) who suggested that “if a population of the study is in few hundred that sample size should be 40–50%, if they are in several hundreds, 20% of the population should be the sample size, few thousands 10% of them will do, and if it is several thousand 2.5% of the population will be considered as the representation. Based on this, 10% was used as a representation of the entire registered members of the public libraries understudy (See Table 1).
The proportionate stratified simple random sampling technique was used for the study of library users’ sub-populations using a sampling fraction based on the formula: sample size/population is equal to sampling fraction. That is, n/N = 2,620/262. In stratified proportionate sampling, the population was divided into separate strata to draw samples from each stratum, and each stratum was multiplied by a sampling fraction (Reddy and Khan, 2023). These strata included registered members of the 21 public libraries under study. These strata did not contribute an equal number of people for the sample but a number in proportion to be expected or known sizes of the strata in the population (Dong et al., 2020). This was followed by the sampling of the registered members in each public library using simple random sampling by balloting using pieces of paper marked “Yes” and “No” and picked by members in each public library. Those who picked pieces of paper marked were used for the study. In this way, all the members of the library were given an equal chance of being selected. Primary data was used for this study and information from secondary sources. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Research assistants were helpful, especially in interpreting and translating items on the questionnaire to the indigenous language of the people. The psychometric properties of the instrument were obtained through the use of the Cronbach Alpha method. Forty copies of the questionnaire were administered to registered members of Benue State Public Library, Makurdi which is outside the sample for the study. In all, a 0.78 reliability coefficient was obtained for the instrument. Copies of the questionnaire were administered to library users through the researchers who established a good rapport with the sampled subjects. Out of 262 copies of the questionnaire administered, 255 were properly filled and returned representing a 97.3% return rate, and were found worthy for the analysis of data collected. Percentages and frequency were used to analyze respondents’ information while mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the four (4) objectives set for the study. In so doing, mean values less than 2.50 were rejected while mean scores greater than 2.50 were accepted.
Results
Out of 262 copies of the questionnaire administered, 255 were properly filled and returned representing a 97.3% return rate and were found worthy for the analysis of data collected.
Results in Table 2 on demographic characteristics of respondents reveal that the majority of them were female (63.5%) who were within the ages of 26 and 40 years old (56%), had secondary school certificates as their highest educational qualification (55.7%) and were mostly teachers/lecturers (38.1%).
Table 3 reveals the extent of various services rendered by public libraries. Services like agricultural information (mean = 2.91), health enlightenment (mean = 2.83), and political information services (mean = 2.85) were accepted as adequately provided. However, services such as career information (mean = 2.40), bookmobile services (mean = 2.36), and current awareness services (mean = 2.40) were rejected, indicating low provision. Overall, the cluster mean of 2.62 shows that public libraries are moderately active in service provision. The acceptance of key services such as agricultural and health-related information suggests that public libraries contribute significantly to rural development. However, the rejection of critical services like career and bookmobile services highlights a gap in addressing evolving needs, such as employment opportunities and mobile outreach to remote areas.
As regards the level of satisfaction with the services rendered by public libraries to rural dwellers, Table 4 shows that 12.9% of respondents were highly satisfied, while 6.7% were satisfied. A significant proportion, 61.2%, were only fairly satisfied, and 19.2% were not satisfied at all. The predominance of “fairly satisfied” responses indicates that public library services are not meeting the expectations of most users. The low satisfaction levels reflect inadequacies in service quality, resource availability, and outreach.
Table 5 indicates the perceived contributions of public libraries in information dissemination to rural dwellers in Kogi State. The data reveal strong contributions in areas like facilitating literacy skills (mean = 3.09) and promoting cultural heritage (mean = 2.86). Conversely, areas like enhancing research output (mean = 2.24) and preserving historical documents (mean = 2.22) were rejected. The cluster mean of 2.71 indicates an overall positive contribution by public libraries. The findings suggest that public libraries excel in literacy promotion and cultural preservation but lag in research support and archival functions. This highlights the need for libraries to expand their scope to include better research support systems and the preservation of historical records, which are critical for educational and cultural development.
Table 6 reveals the ways in which public libraries disseminate information to rural dwellers in Nigeria. Data indicates that the accepted methods include sensitization/lectures (mean = 3.09), newspapers/magazines (mean = 2.77), and public announcements (mean = 2.75). Rejected methods include mobile library activities (mean = 2.35), social media (mean = 2.36), and exhibitions/book fairs (mean = 2.38). The cluster mean of 2.73 indicates moderate effectiveness in dissemination. This implies that traditional methods like lectures and announcements remain effective, but the rejection of mobile libraries and social media highlights missed opportunities for outreach and digital inclusion.
Table 7 reveals that the challenges associated with public libraries in disseminating information to rural dwellers. Challenges such as epileptic power supply (mean = 2.98), unstable internet access (mean = 2.98), and illiteracy among community members (mean = 2.94) were prominent. The cluster mean of 2.75 confirms the widespread nature of these challenges. The findings emphasize significant systemic issues, such as poor infrastructure, inadequate funding, and illiteracy, which limit the effectiveness of public libraries in rural areas. Addressing these challenges requires strategic investments in infrastructure, community education programs, and sustainable funding models to ensure consistent service delivery and wider accessibility.
Discussion of the findings
The discussion of the findings is explored in line with the study’s specific objectives and the data collected from the field.
Services provided by public libraries in Kogi State
Findings from the study indicate that public libraries in Kogi State offer several essential services, including agricultural information, health enlightenment, and political information. These services were deemed adequately provided and suggest that libraries play a significant role in addressing fundamental rural needs. However, certain services, such as career information, bookmobile services, and current awareness programs, were found to be poorly provided, highlighting areas of limited engagement or capacity within the libraries. The provision of agricultural and health-related information aligns with Boloka and Ngoepe’s (2024) study, which emphasized the importance of public libraries addressing local needs through targeted services. Their research in South Africa suggested that libraries could bridge digital and information divides by offering access to resources and technology in community-centered locations. This approach resonates with the findings in Kogi State, where public libraries contribute to rural development by disseminating agricultural and political information. Similarly, Mugwisi et al. (2018) study corroborates the finding that public libraries serve diverse user groups with unique needs. Libraries in the Northern Library Region of KwaZulu-Natal provided tailored information services to learners, workers, and young adults, paralleling the efforts in Kogi State. However, both studies highlight significant challenges, including inadequate funding and limited ICT resources, which likely contribute to the underperformance in career information and current awareness services observed in Kogi State.
The inadequacy of bookmobile services in this study aligns with findings from Ntogo-Saghanen and Echedom (2023), who reported a lack of mobile library facilities in Rivers State. This suggests a widespread limitation in extending library services to remote areas, underscoring the need for improved outreach mechanisms across Nigeria. In contrast, Enweani’s (2023) findings in Anambra State show that mobile libraries and interlibrary loan services were available, though inadequately utilized. This suggests a disparity in service provision across Nigerian states, potentially influenced by local funding, infrastructure, and policy differences. The findings suggest that while public libraries in Kogi State provide critical services in agriculture, health, and politics, significant gaps remain in addressing the career and informational needs of their users. The absence of mobile library services limits access for remote rural dwellers, and the poor provision of current awareness programs hinders users from staying informed about new developments.
Level of satisfaction with public library services
The findings suggest that the majority of rural dwellers were only fairly satisfied with the services rendered by public libraries in Kogi State. A smaller proportion of users expressed high satisfaction, while a significant percentage were not satisfied at all. These results indicate that public library services are falling short of user expectations, likely due to inadequacies in service quality, resource availability, and outreach efforts. The predominance of low to moderate satisfaction aligns with Boloka and Ngoepe’s (2024) findings in South Africa. Their study emphasized the critical role of libraries in providing accessible information, such as free Wi-Fi in community centers, to bridge the digital divide.
The absence of such provisions in many Nigerian libraries may contribute to users’ dissatisfaction in Kogi State. This highlights the need for similar interventions to enhance library service accessibility and satisfaction levels. Enweani’s (2023) study in Anambra State supports the observed gaps in service adequacy. Despite offering various services, public libraries in Anambra struggled to meet user expectations due to insufficient resources and outreach. This aligns with the present study, where user satisfaction is hampered by similar issues, suggesting a systemic problem in Nigerian public libraries. Further, Ntogo-Saghanen and Echedom (2023) identified low awareness of available services as a critical challenge in Rivers State. This issue may also be contributing to dissatisfaction in Kogi State, as underutilization due to lack of awareness prevents libraries from fulfilling their potential impact on rural communities. Conversely, findings by Rajendran and Ladan (2020) suggest that certain structural deficiencies, such as lack of purpose-built facilities and inadequate furniture, further exacerbate user dissatisfaction. These inadequacies, coupled with limited funding and inappropriate infrastructure, likely contribute to the poor satisfaction levels observed in Kogi State. The low satisfaction levels reported in this study highlight significant gaps in the quality and accessibility of public library services in Kogi State. The findings suggest a pressing need for libraries to invest in modern infrastructure, expand their service portfolios, and implement community-centered outreach programs. Addressing these issues is critical to enhancing user satisfaction, fostering greater library utilization, and ensuring that public libraries fulfill their role as pivotal institutions for rural development and information dissemination.
Perceived contributions of public libraries in information dissemination
The findings indicate that public libraries in Kogi State contribute significantly to literacy skills and cultural preservation. These functions align with their traditional role as centers for education and cultural heritage. However, the libraries appear to underperform in enhancing research output and preserving historical documents, reflecting gaps in their capacity to support academic and archival needs. Despite these limitations, the overall contributions of public libraries to information dissemination in the state remain positive, with a strong emphasis on foundational literacy and cultural promotion. The emphasis on literacy and cultural preservation aligns with findings by Garaba and Mohammed (2019), who observed that rural library users in Nigeria’s North-West zone widely utilized printed materials, posters, and audiovisual resources. These services likely foster literacy and cultural awareness, similar to the role observed in Kogi State.
However, the underserved non-literate population noted in their study underscores the need for more inclusive services, which could also apply to Kogi State libraries. Omeluzor et al. (2017) provide further validation by highlighting that while rural libraries in Delta State contributed to development, their impact was constrained by inadequate materials, illiteracy, and infrastructure deficiencies. These challenges could explain the observed underperformance in research support and archival functions in Kogi State, where similar limitations might exist. Similarly, Mohammed (2019) explored the reliance on informal networks and community structures for information dissemination in Nigeria’s North-West zone. The study highlights how libraries, despite their contributions to literacy and cultural knowledge, often struggle to maintain formalized support for research and archival functions due to inadequate resources. This finding aligns with the observed gaps in Kogi State. The findings suggest that while public libraries in Kogi State effectively promote literacy and cultural heritage, their limited contributions to research and archival functions represent a missed opportunity to expand their role as comprehensive knowledge hubs.
Ways in which information is disseminated to rural dwellers
The findings reveal that public libraries in Kogi State primarily disseminate information through traditional methods such as sensitization programs, newspapers, magazines, and public announcements. These methods were deemed effective and align with the information consumption patterns of rural dwellers. However, methods such as mobile library activities, social media, and exhibitions or book fairs were found to be underutilized, indicating missed opportunities for expanding outreach and fostering digital inclusion. The reliance on traditional methods underscores their continued relevance, yet the rejection of more innovative approaches highlights gaps in service delivery that limit the libraries' potential impact. The finding that sensitization programs and public announcements are effective resonates with Oyeniran’s (2023) study, which notes that many public libraries in Nigeria actively organize group discussions, film shows, and other educational programs. This suggests that libraries remain valuable platforms for community engagement and information dissemination, a practice that aligns with the observations in Kogi State. Similarly, Okafor (2020) highlighted that public libraries provide a broad array of services, including outreach programs and current awareness services.
However, the limited application of mobile library activities and social media in Kogi State contradicts Okafor’s findings, which emphasize the role of these services in reaching underserved populations. This discrepancy points to either operational constraints or a lack of prioritization of such methods in Kogi State. More so, Garaba and Mohammed (2019) support the study’s findings on the effective use of printed materials and traditional library services for rural dwellers. However, they also stress that non-literate rural populations remain underserved, a situation that could be addressed by expanding digital inclusion efforts, such as social media and mobile libraries, which are currently underutilized in Kogi State. This finding of this study also corresponds with the study of Mohammed (2019) who noted that public libraries in Nigeria often rely on informal networks, such as community leaders and social gatherings, for information dissemination. This aligns with the findings in Kogi State, where traditional methods like sensitization programs and announcements remain prevalent. However, the rejection of more modern approaches suggests a missed opportunity to integrate formal and digital channels for broader outreach. The findings indicate that while traditional methods of information dissemination are effective and culturally relevant, the lack of emphasis on mobile libraries and social media limits the potential reach and impact of public libraries in Kogi State. By implication, it becomes imperative to expand these underutilized methods could address the growing need for digital inclusion and outreach to underserved populations, including youth and non-literate groups.
Challenges associated with the dissemination of information to rural dwellers
The findings highlight several systemic challenges hindering the effectiveness of public libraries in disseminating information to rural dwellers in Kogi State. Issues such as epileptic power supply, unstable internet access, and high illiteracy rates among community members emerged as significant barriers. These challenges reflect a combination of infrastructural deficiencies, technological limitations, and socio-economic constraints, all of which reduce the capacity of public libraries to fulfill their roles as information hubs for rural communities. The findings align with Boloka and Ngoepe’s (2024) study, which emphasized the importance of addressing technological barriers in rural areas. Their proposal for free Wi-Fi in community spaces such as churches and gathering centers illustrates the need for innovative solutions to bridge the digital divide. In Kogi State, similar interventions could mitigate the impact of unstable internet access and enhance information dissemination. Mugwisi et al. (2018) research in KwaZulu-Natal also supports these findings.
The study identified limited funding and technological challenges as significant impediments to effective library service delivery. These barriers resonate with the constraints faced in Kogi State, where libraries struggle with inadequate resources and unreliable infrastructure. Enweani’s (2023) findings in Anambra State validate the systemic nature of these challenges across Nigeria. Public libraries in Anambra faced similar issues, such as insufficient resources and low service adequacy, pointing to broader structural inefficiencies in library systems nationwide. Ntogo-Saghanen and Echedom (2023) add further validation by emphasizing the lack of ICT resources and insufficient funding in Rivers State. These challenges mirror those in Kogi State, suggesting that infrastructural and financial deficits are common barriers affecting the ability of public libraries to serve rural populations effectively. The findings of Omeluzor et al. (2017) similarly align with this study. Their observation that rural libraries in Delta State struggled with outdated materials, illiteracy, and insufficient infrastructure reflects a pattern of systemic inadequacies that hinder library effectiveness in Kogi State. Mohammed’s (2019) exploration of informal networks for information dissemination in the North-West zone of Nigeria suggests that while libraries can serve as formal knowledge hubs, systemic barriers like economic constraints and language differences often limit their effectiveness. This resonates with the findings in Kogi State, where infrastructural and socio-economic challenges significantly restrict service delivery. The findings emphasize the urgent need to address systemic challenges limiting the effectiveness of public libraries in rural areas. Improving infrastructure, such as reliable electricity and internet access, is critical for enhancing information dissemination. Targeted investments in ICT resources and innovative solutions like mobile digital platforms can also help bridge the technological divide. Additionally, implementing literacy programs and community engagement initiatives will address socio-economic barriers and ensure that rural dwellers benefit fully from library services. Without addressing these fundamental issues, public libraries risk falling short of their potential to drive development and knowledge access in rural communities.
Conclusion and recommendations
Public libraries are vital institutions that are crucial and indispensable in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) of a state or nation. These institutions serve as society’s memory just like the human memory does for a person. Despite these advantages, the expected roles and promising functions of public libraries have not been significantly felt or seen in Kogi State. Given these, the findings of this study demonstrate the multifaceted role of public libraries in Kogi State in addressing rural information needs, while also highlighting substantial gaps in service provision, user satisfaction, and operational efficiency. Public libraries in Kogi State were shown to provide essential services, such as agricultural information, health enlightenment, and political information, which are instrumental in meeting the foundational needs of rural dwellers. However, the limited provision of career information, bookmobile services, and current awareness programs reflects a critical gap in addressing the broader spectrum of user needs.
User satisfaction with public library services in Kogi State was predominantly moderate, with significant dissatisfaction stemming from inadequate service quality, limited resources, and underdeveloped outreach programs. While libraries contribute meaningfully to literacy skills and cultural preservation, they fall short in supporting research and preserving historical documents, revealing missed opportunities to strengthen their roles as comprehensive knowledge hubs. Traditional methods of information dissemination, such as sensitization programs, newspapers, and public announcements, were found to be effective. However, innovative methods, such as mobile libraries and social media, remain underutilized, and restrict the reach and impact of library services, particularly in engaging non-literate and digitally savvy populations. The systemic challenges facing public libraries in Kogi State, such as unstable power supply, poor internet connectivity, and high illiteracy rates among rural dwellers, further undermine their effectiveness. These infrastructural and socio-economic barriers reflect broader issues within the public library system in Nigeria, necessitating urgent attention to enable libraries to fulfill their roles as critical agents of rural development. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made:
- Public library boards should broaden their service portfolios to include more career information, bookmobile services, and current awareness programs. These services are essential for empowering rural dwellers with the knowledge required to navigate modern socio-economic landscapes.
- The management of public libraries should prioritize infrastructure upgrades, such as better-equipped facilities, reliable power supply, and improved internet access. Additionally, tailored outreach programs that address specific community needs can enhance user satisfaction and foster higher library utilization.
- Public libraries should embrace mobile library services, social media platforms, and digital tools. These methods can complement traditional approaches and ensure inclusivity for both literate and non-literate populations.
- Governments (local and state levels) and other stakeholders should invest in sustainable solutions, such as renewable energy sources to mitigate power supply issues, while also implementing community literacy programs. Policies should emphasize equitable funding, ICT integration, and staff capacity-building to overcome systemic inefficiencies.
Implications of the findings
The findings of this study have profound implications for public librarianship in Nigeria, particularly in the context of practice, policy and future research. In practice, the findings emphasize the urgent need for public libraries to realign their service offerings with the evolving needs of rural dwellers. The underperformance in areas such as career information services and current awareness programs suggests that libraries are not adequately addressing contemporary socio-economic challenges faced by rural populations. To remain relevant, libraries must adopt user-centered approaches that prioritize diverse needs, including employment-related information and digital literacy. Furthermore, the reliance on traditional methods of information dissemination, while effective, must be supplemented with innovative strategies such as mobile libraries and social media to ensure greater inclusivity and engagement.
From a policy perspective, the findings reveal systemic deficiencies that require immediate governmental and institutional intervention. The inadequacy of infrastructure, poor internet access, and unreliable electricity supply point to a lack of strategic investment in public libraries. Policymakers must prioritize the inclusion of libraries in national development plans, recognizing their role as enablers of education and rural development. Specific policies should focus on equitable funding, ICT integration, and capacity building for library staff to address skill gaps and technological barriers. Additionally, creating policies that encourage public-private partnerships can mobilize resources to address infrastructural and financial constraints.
Lastly, the findings also indicate critical areas for future research in public librarianship. While the study highlights gaps in service delivery and user satisfaction, more in-depth studies are needed to understand the underlying factors driving these challenges. For instance, research on the barriers to adopting innovative dissemination methods, such as mobile libraries and digital platforms, could provide actionable insights into overcoming these limitations. Moreover, studies exploring the effectiveness of literacy programs and ICT-based interventions in bridging information gaps among non-literate and digitally excluded populations would be invaluable. Future research should also investigate the role of community engagement in shaping library services, ensuring that rural dwellers are active participants in the design and delivery of services that impact their lives.
Limitations of the study
The primary limitation of this study lies in its focus on local government areas within Kogi State, Nigeria. Consequently, the findings may not be generalizable to other regions or contexts. Future research can replicate this study in public libraries across different states in Nigeria to explore comparative differences or similarities, which could provide a broader understanding of the role and challenges of public libraries nationwide. Despite this limitation, the study makes significant contributions to knowledge in literature, policy, and practice. It offers valuable insights for policymakers at various levels of public library administration and highlights actionable steps to enhance and sustain the effective use of public libraries for information dissemination among rural communities. Additionally, the study provides fresh empirical data on the role of public libraries in supporting rural dwellers, thereby serving as a resource for further research and development in public librarianship in Nigeria.
The authors sincerely appreciate the Vice Chancellor, Professor Marietu Ohunene Tenuche, and the management of Kogi State University, Anyigba, for their invaluable support in facilitating this study. Additionally, the authors extend their gratitude to all scholars and authors whose works were referenced and consulted throughout the course of this research.
Table 1
Public libraries and registered users in Kogi State
| S/n | Public libraries | Population | Sample (10%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dekina Pubic Library, Dekina LGA | 182 | 18 |
| 2 | Stella Obasanjo Public Library, Lokoja | 192 | 19 |
| 3 | Ankpa Local Government Public Library, Ankpa | 170 | 17 |
| 4 | Olamaboro Local Government Public Library | 125 | 13 |
| 5 | Okene Local Government Public Library | 174 | 17 |
| 6 | Okehi Local Government Public Library | 118 | 11 |
| 7 | Adavi Local Government Public Library | 136 | 14 |
| 8 | Ogori-Mangongo Local Government Public Library | 114 | 11 |
| 9 | Omala Local Government Public Library | 103 | 10 |
| 10 | Ofu Local Government Public Library | 120 | 12 |
| 11 | Bassa Local Government Public Library | 100 | 10 |
| 12 | Idah Local Government Public Library | 154 | 16 |
| 13 | Yagba West Local Government Public Library | 119 | 11 |
| 14 | Yagba East Local Government Public Library | 113 | 11 |
| 15 | Kabba-Bunu Local Government Public Library | 136 | 13 |
| 16 | Konto-Karfe Local Government Public Library | 105 | 11 |
| 17 | Kogi Local Government Public Library | 125 | 12 |
| 18 | Ijumu Local Government Public Library | 118 | 12 |
| 19 | Ajaokuta Local Government Public Library | 123 | 12 |
| 20 | Ibaji Local Government Public Library | 117 | 12 |
| 21 | Igalamela/Odolu Local Government Public Library | 109 | 11 |
| Total | 2,620 | 262 |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 2
Demographic features of respondents
| Variables | Respondents | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 93 | 36.5 |
| Female | 162 | 63.5 |
| Age | ||
| 10–25 | 45 | 17.7 |
| 26–40 | 143 | 56 |
| 41–55 | 35 | 13.7 |
| 56 and above | 32 | 12.6 |
| Educational qualification | ||
| Primary education | 34 | 13.3 |
| Secondary education | 142 | 55.7 |
| Tertiary education | 79 | 30 |
| Occupation | ||
| Trading | 31 | 12.1 |
| Civil servant | 25 | 9.8 |
| Artisan | 14 | 5.5 |
| Farmer | 21 | 8.2 |
| Teacher/lecturer | 97 | 38.1 |
| Student | 67 | 26.3 |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 3
Services provided by public libraries in Kogi State
| S/N | Items statement | SA | A | D | SD | Total | x̅ | SD | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Agricultural information services | 108 | 51 | 61 | 35 | 255 | 2.91 | 1.099 | Accepted |
| 2 | Health enlightenment programmes | 98 | 62 | 49 | 46 | 255 | 2.83 | 1.129 | Accepted |
| 3 | Research support services | 104 | 42 | 35 | 76 | 255 | 2.69 | 1.271 | Accepted |
| 4 | Career information services | 48 | 62 | 88 | 57 | 255 | 2.40 | 1.033 | Rejected |
| 5 | Educational services | 83 | 69 | 43 | 60 | 255 | 2.69 | 1.159 | Accepted |
| 6 | Reference and referral services | 102 | 48 | 54 | 51 | 255 | 2.78 | 1.184 | Accepted |
| 7 | Social-cultural information services | 68 | 43 | 104 | 40 | 255 | 2.55 | 1.048 | Accepted |
| 8 | Lending services | 103 | 45 | 58 | 49 | 255 | 2.79 | 1.167 | Accepted |
| 9 | Recreational services | 82 | 74 | 48 | 51 | 255 | 2.73 | 1.115 | Accepted |
| 10 | Book mobile services | 58 | 43 | 87 | 67 | 255 | 2.36 | 1.103 | Rejected |
| 11 | Political information services | 86 | 73 | 68 | 28 | 255 | 2.85 | 1.012 | Accepted |
| 12 | User education services | 87 | 58 | 58 | 53 | 255 | 2.71 | 1.141 | Accepted |
| 13 | Current awareness services | 42 | 64 | 107 | 42 | 255 | 2.40 | 0.963 | Rejected |
| 14 | Document delivery services | 94 | 42 | 45 | 74 | 255 | 2.38 | 1.340 | Rejected |
| 15 | Exhibition services | 88 | 58 | 78 | 31 | 255 | 2.66 | 1.179 | Accepted |
| Cluster mean | 2.62 | 1.013 | Accepted |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 4
Level of satisfaction of the services rendered by public libraries to rural dwellers
| Level of satisfaction | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Highly satisfied | 33 | 12.9 |
| Satisfied | 17 | 6.7 |
| Fairly satisfied | 156 | 61.2 |
| Not satisfied | 49 | 19.2 |
| Total | 255 | 100 |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 5
Perceived contributions of public libraries in information dissemination in Kogi State
| S/N | Items statement | SA | A | D | SD | Total | x̅ | SD | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Enhances adult literacy | 89 | 72 | 53 | 41 | 255 | 2.82 | 1.083 | Accepted |
| 2 | Contributes to promoting cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge | 103 | 49 | 68 | 35 | 255 | 2.86 | 1.098 | Accepted |
| 3 | Improves agricultural development through outreach programmes | 84 | 69 | 56 | 41 | 255 | 2.75 | 1.101 | Accepted |
| 4 | Enhances research output | 43 | 42 | 102 | 68 | 255 | 2.24 | 1.027 | Rejected |
| 5 | Facilitate literacy skills | 116 | 76 | 32 | 31 | 255 | 3.09 | 1.031 | Accepted |
| 6 | Enhances written and spoken communications | 106 | 54 | 47 | 48 | 255 | 2.85 | 1.156 | Accepted |
| 7 | Increases one’s knowledge on a subject area | 62 | 94 | 45 | 54 | 255 | 2.68 | 1.026 | Accepted |
| 8 | Preserves historical documents | 38 | 44 | 109 | 64 | 255 | 2.22 | 0.988 | Rejected |
| Cluster mean | 2.71 | 1.108 | Accepted |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 6
Ways in which information are disseminated to rural dwellers in Kogi State
| S/N | Items statement | SA | A | D | SD | Total | x̅ | SD | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Through newspapers/magazines | 98 | 58 | 42 | 57 | 255 | 2.77 | 1.182 | Accepted |
| 2 | Public announcement | 84 | 69 | 56 | 41 | 255 | 2.75 | 1.101 | Accepted |
| 3 | Through bulletins | 43 | 42 | 102 | 68 | 255 | 2.24 | 1.027 | Rejected |
| 4 | Sensitization/lectures | 116 | 76 | 32 | 31 | 255 | 3.09 | 1.031 | Accepted |
| 5 | Mobile library activities | 73 | 79 | 46 | 57 | 255 | 2.35 | 1.119 | Rejected |
| 6 | Exhibitions/book fair | 94 | 42 | 45 | 74 | 255 | 2.38 | 1.340 | Rejected |
| 7 | Billboards/fliers | 89 | 72 | 53 | 41 | 255 | 2.82 | 1.083 | Accepted |
| 8 | Social media | 58 | 43 | 87 | 67 | 255 | 2.36 | 1.103 | Rejected |
| 9 | Via community leaders and chiefs | 87 | 65 | 64 | 39 | 255 | 2.78 | 1.078 | Accepted |
| 10 | Via worship centers such as churches, mosques etc. | 72 | 79 | 48 | 54 | 255 | 2.65 | 1.111 | Accepted |
| Cluster mean | 2.73 | 1.067 | Accepted |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
Table 7
Challenges associated with the dissemination of information to rural dwellers in Kogi State
| S/N | Items statement | SA | A | D | SD | Total | x̅ | SD | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lack of qualified library staff | 84 | 94 | 33 | 44 | 255 | 2.85 | 1.064 | Accepted |
| 2 | Poor attitude of library staff | 78 | 98 | 37 | 42 | 255 | 2.83 | 1.042 | Accepted |
| 3 | Insufficient library facilities and equipment | 68 | 102 | 48 | 37 | 255 | 2.79 | 0.997 | Accepted |
| 4 | Inadequate materials in local languages | 84 | 98 | 38 | 35 | 255 | 2.91 | 1.011 | Accepted |
| 5 | Poor organization of library materials | 102 | 52 | 45 | 56 | 255 | 2.78 | 1.189 | Accepted |
| 6 | Inadequate availability of information resources | 64 | 74 | 55 | 62 | 255 | 2.55 | 1.114 | Accepted |
| 7 | Epileptic power supply | 123 | 48 | 41 | 43 | 255 | 2.98 | 1.150 | Accepted |
| 8 | Illiteracy on the part of community members | 114 | 58 | 37 | 46 | 255 | 2.94 | 1.147 | Accepted |
| 9 | Theft, mutilation and vandalism of library materials and facilities | 73 | 89 | 47 | 46 | 255 | 2.74 | 1.063 | Accepted |
| 10 | Bad attitude of library users | 103 | 48 | 44 | 60 | 255 | 2.76 | 1.211 | Accepted |
| 11 | Unstable internet access and subscription | 118 | 47 | 58 | 32 | 255 | 2.98 | 1.094 | Accepted |
| 12 | Poor funding | 84 | 93 | 41 | 37 | 255 | 2.88 | 1.030 | Accepted |
| Cluster mean | 2.75 | 1.221 | Accepted |
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