Content area
Purpose
This review paper examines the germaneness of libraries in sustaining information technology services, rethinking towards implementing futuristic strategies and the significant sustainability factors related to information technology (IT) services, identifying gaps in the existing studies and suggesting future areas of research work.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted a systematic literature review (SLR), in which 81 articles were identified and utilised for the paper. The inclusion and exclusion research design was used for the study.
Findings
The role of libraries in sustaining information technology services is increasingly crucial as they evolve into dynamic IT hubs, addressing the growing digital needs of users. This transformation involves integrating advanced technologies like cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning to enhance access and usability of information. Libraries support academic research and education by offering extensive digital archives and research databases, thereby fostering innovation and learning. They also play a vital role in community engagement by providing digital literacy programs and IT training, thus bridging the digital divide. Embracing sustainable IT practices and adapting to technological advancements ensure that libraries remain relevant and effective. However, these initiatives require significant investment in infrastructure and continuous staff training. The results highlight the complexity of maintaining sustainable library IT services and support an active, cooperative, and user-centred strategy.
Research limitations/implications
Despite the importance of libraries in providing IT services, there is a lack of research on the germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services (DSpace, 2022). The number of research publications on these topics has grown since the late 1990s and is increasing. However, contrary to the vast number of research publications, there are few literature reviews on libraries’ sustainability and information technology. Moreover, little is known about the germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services.
Originality/value
Libraries’ roles in sustaining IT services and implementing futuristic strategies underscore their evolving importance in contemporary society. Libraries are not just centres of learning but are integral to community development, technological advancement and social inclusion. Rethinking and innovating their approach to IT services, libraries continue to serve as vital hubs of development and engagement, significantly benefiting communities worldwide. Furthermore, by addressing a significant research issue, creating creative solutions, stressing teamwork and supporting an all-encompassing strategy for maintaining library IT services. It is a stimulant for more study and cooperative initiatives to achieve sustainable library and information science development.
1. Introduction
This study reviews the germaneness of libraries in sustaining information technology services: rethinking towards futuristic strategies implementation. The research literature reveals a notable gap in understanding the sustained role of libraries in information technology (IT) services despite their growing significance. While there is increasing recognition of libraries as agents of change and contributors to sustainable development through IT, there is inadequate focused research on how libraries maintain these services. Previous studies have often generalised libraries’ roles or discussed their potential contributions to sustainability without deeply exploring the specific challenges and strategies involved in sustaining IT services (Garrido et al., 2010). Additionally, there is a call for a more nuanced exploration of the economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions of IT sustainability within libraries. Libraries play a crucial role in promoting digital inclusion by providing access to technology, digital literacy programs, and resources that help bridge the digital divide, thus enhancing the overall well-being of communities (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2022).
1.1 Brief overview of the history of libraries
Ancient Libraries: The earliest libraries known to us were in ancient civilisations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. These libraries primarily consisted of clay tablets, papyrus scrolls, and other written materials stored in temples and palaces (Bertot et al., 2010).
Medieval Libraries: According to Ruffini-Ronzani et al. (2021), libraries were mainly found in monasteries and universities during the medieval period. These libraries contained manuscripts produced by monks and scribes. Many of these libraries were destroyed during wars and invasions.
Renaissance Libraries: The Renaissance saw a renewed interest in learning and scholarship, leading to the establishment of public libraries. The Medicean-Laurentian Library in Florence, Italy, is one of the earliest public libraries established during this period (Randle, 2023).
Enlightenment Libraries: The Enlightenment era saw the emergence of public libraries as we know them today. The first public library in America, the Boston Public Library, was established in 1848 (Kranich, 2020).
Modern Libraries: Today, libraries have evolved to include books, printed materials, digital resources, and technologies. Libraries have expanded their services to include educational programs, community events, and social services (Odularu, 2024).
Historically, libraries have been critical in preserving and disseminating knowledge and culture (American Library Association, 2017) . They have served as centres of learning, research, and intellectual exchange and continue to play an essential role in our modern society. Libraries have always been regarded as the epitome of knowledge, preserving, and providing access to information and resources for centuries (Rubin and Rubin, 2020). With the rapid advancement of technology, libraries have had to rethink their traditional roles and embrace digital technology to remain relevant (Odularu, 2024). The technology age has revolutionised how we create, store, and access information, leading to a paradigm shift in the role of libraries in sustaining information technology services. Libraries have been at the forefront of providing access to information and knowledge for centuries (Marshall, 2016). They have been the custodians of history, preserving and maintaining historical records, manuscripts, and documents. With the advent of technology, libraries have evolved to meet the changing needs of society. Libraries have embraced digital technology to provide access to information, knowledge, and resources (Odularu, 2024). They have transformed themselves from mere storehouses of books to centres of knowledge, offering their patrons a wide range of services (American Library Association, 2017). Libraries have been essential in sustaining information technology services for many decades. Additionally, libraries face the challenge of balancing traditional services with providing information technology services (Marshall, 2016). Libraries have a rich and diverse history dating back thousands of years. Libraries also embody the principles of the circular economy by promoting the sharing and reuse of resources. This reduces waste and encourages sustainable consumption patterns. Additionally, libraries’ commitment to digital inclusion ensures that all community members have access to the digital tools and information necessary to participate in a sustainable future. Libraries play a crucial role in promoting sustainability through their adoption of environmentally friendly practices and services. As noted by Bernier and Lee (2024). “Libraries have the potential to serve as hubs for sustainable development, integrating green initiatives such as energy-efficient buildings, digital resources to reduce paper waste, and community engagement in environmental education.” This integration not only enhances library operations but also contributes to broader sustainability goals in local communities. According to Ruggerio (2021), in the early 2000s, sustainability was primarily discussed in the context of environmental issues, such as climate change and biodiversity loss. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals, established in 2000, recognised the importance of ecological sustainability in achieving global development goals. The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 further emphasised the importance of sustainability in addressing poverty, environmental degradation, and social inequality. From 2010 onwards, sustainability discussions increasingly addressed social and economic issues, such as poverty, inequality, and access to resources (Atta-Obeng and Dadzie, 2020). The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, provide a comprehensive framework for addressing these issues, which set a global agenda for sustainable development through 2030 and achieving sustainable development globally, (Carlsen and Bruggemann, 2022). In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the need to move beyond focusing on sustainability towards regenerative practices that actively restore and improve environmental and social conditions (Thiele, 2024). This has increased attention to circular economy, renewable energy, and regenerative agriculture concepts. Sustainability has become a mainstream concept in business and finance, with many companies and investors recognising the importance of sustainability in long-term business success (Abela, 2022). Many companies, governments, and organisations have adopted sustainability frameworks and strategies to address these challenges. Sustainable investing, which considers environmental, social, and governance factors alongside financial returns, has become increasingly popular in recent years (Siegrist et al., 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of sustainability and resilience, with many calling for a “green recovery” that prioritises sustainability in economic recovery efforts. Sustainability has become an increasingly important concept, with growing recognition of the need to address environmental, social, library, and economic issues holistically and integrate (Carlsen and Bruggemann, 2022). The growing focus on sustainability has increased attention to concepts such as the circular economy, renewable energy, and regenerative agriculture. Sustainability is now a mainstream concept in business and finance, with many companies and investors recognising its critical role in long-term business success (Abela, 2022). This shift aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, which emphasise the need for sustainable practices to ensure economic, social, and environmental well-being. According to Omona (2020), libraries and information technology play a crucial role in achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Below are the key SDGs that libraries and IT directly support:
SDG 1: No Poverty-Libraries provide access to information and resources that help individuals improve their socio-economic conditions, such as job search assistance, vocational training, and financial literacy programs.
SDG 4: Quality Education-Libraries support inclusive and equitable quality education by offering access to a wide range of educational resources, digital literacy programs, and learning opportunities for all ages. Digital libraries and online learning platforms facilitate lifelong learning and help bridge the educational divide (United Nations, 2020).
SDG 5: Gender Equality- Libraries empower women and girls by providing access to information and technology, offering programs that promote gender equality, and creating safe spaces for learning and development.
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth- By providing access to job search tools, career development resources, and entrepreneurial support, libraries contribute to economic growth and help individuals secure decent work.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Libraries act as community hubs for innovation by offering access to technology, maker spaces, and digital resources that foster creativity and innovation. They support digital inclusion by providing access to the internet and digital tools, especially in underserved communities (Garrido et al., 2010).
SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities- Libraries promote social inclusion by ensuring that marginalised and disadvantaged groups have access to information and technology, helping to reduce inequalities within and among countries.
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities- Libraries contribute to building sustainable communities by serving as centres for community engagement, lifelong learning, and access to cultural and informational resources.
SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions- Libraries support transparent and accountable institutions by providing access to government information, promoting civic engagement, and fostering informed citizenship.
SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals- Nevertheless, there’s still a gap in the germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services and libraries must endeavour to collaborate with various stakeholders, including government agencies, educational institutions, and non-profits, to advance the SDGs through shared resources, knowledge, and expertise (Omar, 2023). Sustainability and information technology are increasingly intertwined as IT plays a pivotal role in advancing environmental goals.
According to Wang et al. (2021), “IT has been instrumental in promoting sustainability through innovations like smart grids, digital twins for resource management, and data-driven environmental monitoring systems.” This integration not only enhances efficiency and reduces environmental impact but also underscores the transformative potential of IT in achieving sustainable development goals globally. The history of information technology (IT) can be traced back to the invention of the abacus in 2400 BC, which was the first device used for mathematical calculations (Swedin and Ferro, 2022). The next significant advancement in IT was the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1,450, which enabled the mass production of books and other printed materials. In the 19th century, the invention of the telegraph and the telephone revolutionised communication and paved the way for further developments in IT. The 20th century saw the advent of the first computers, which were large and expensive machines primarily used for scientific research and military applications. The invention of the microprocessor in 1971 by Intel Corporation revolutionised the field of computing, leading to the development of personal computers, laptops, and mobile devices. The creation of the Internet in the late 20th century and the widespread adoption of the World Wide Web in the 1990s transformed how people access and share information (Swedin and Ferro, 2022). The 21st century has witnessed significant advancements in IT, including the development of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT and blockchain technology. These advancements have enabled the creation of new business models, improved communication and collaboration, and increased the efficiency and productivity of organisations. Lohr (2015) provides a comprehensive overview of the history of information technology. The author discusses the various technological advancements that have shaped the IT field, from the invention of the abacus to the development of artificial intelligence and cloud computing. The significant milestones in the history of IT, include the creation of the Internet and the World Wide Web and the rise of personal computers and mobile devices. IT continues to evolve rapidly, and its effects on society will continue to be significant. According to Liu et al. (2023), IT is a broad field that encompasses the use of technology to manage and process information. It includes developing, installing, and maintaining computer hardware, software, and networks that store, process, and transmit data. Recent studies underscore the intersection of libraries, sustainability, and information technology (IT) as pivotal for advancing societal goals. According to Bernier and Lee (2024), libraries are increasingly adopting IT to enhance sustainability efforts through digital resource management, energy-efficient infrastructure, and community engagement in environmental education. This integration not only supports sustainable practices within library operations but also strengthens their role as community hubs for promoting environmental awareness and resilience.
1.2 Aim of research
This study reviews the germaneness of libraries in sustaining information technology services: rethinking towards futuristic strategies implementation.
1.3 Research question
How can libraries sustain information technology services and implement futuristic strategies to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness?
1.4 Research problem
Despite the significant role that libraries play in sustaining information technology services and promoting digital inclusion, there is a notable gap in research regarding the integration of information technologies, such as blockchain, cloud computing, machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), into library services. While existing studies focus on the general impact of digital transformation on libraries, there is limited research on how these advanced information technologies can be strategically implemented to further enhance user services (Anuradha and Sivakami, 2018; Aharony, 2019). Libraries could use blockchain to improve data security and streamline digital transactions, yet there is minimal research on its application in library settings (Salah et al., 2019). Artificial Intelligence: AI has the potential to revolutionise information retrieval, automate cataloguing, and provide personalised services to library users. However, the practical implementation and impact of AI in libraries remain underexplored (Omame and Alex-Nmecha, 2020). Internet of Things (IoT): IoT can enhance library services by connecting physical and digital resources, creating smart environments that improve user experience. Research is needed to understand how libraries can effectively integrate IoT to support their users (Baggi et al., 2018). According to Omona (2020) explained that libraries can help achieve the SDGs by providing access to information and facilitating community development or transformation supported by other scholars on the “effective change in societies” (Atta-Obeng and Dadzie, 2020), in which their articles also reviewed that SDGs are understood as complex problems, which demands complex solutions (Dei and Asante, 2022). Despite the importance of libraries in providing IT services, there is inadequate research on the germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services.
The research gap lies in the strategic implementation and evaluation of information technologies within library services to advance user services. Future studies should focus on how libraries can leverage blockchain, cloud computing, machine learning, AI, and IoT to create more secure, efficient, and user-friendly services, ultimately enhancing their role in sustaining information technology services and promoting equitable access to information. Mathiasson and Jochumsen (2022) recommended that there is a need for future research on discussions about how libraries and information technology can contribute to and support sustainability. Additionally, the extent to which libraries can sustain these services and the challenges they face in doing so are not well articulated or understood (Olatoye et al., 2021). It is on this premise, therefore, that this study seeks to investigate the germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services, explore the strategies of libraries in sustaining IT services and elucidate the challenges that libraries experience.
2. Theoretical framework
According to De Vos et al. (2020), Conceptual Model (CM) theory is a powerful framework that provides insight into how individuals perceive and understand the world around them. The theory suggests that people create mental models or representations of various concepts, objects, events, and relationships they encounter and use them to make sense of and navigate the world (Akour et al., 2022). Multiple factors influence these mental models, including culture, language, and personal experience. One of the critical tenets of CM theory is that mental models are constantly evolving and being updated based on new information and experiences. As individuals encounter further information, they must integrate it into their mental models. This integration process can lead to changes in the mental model and revisions to previously held beliefs and assumptions (De Vos et al., 2020). Thus, CM theory helps explain how individuals can adapt and learn in response to changing circumstances. In addition to providing insight into how individuals perceive and understand the world, CM theory has been applied in various fields, including education, psychology, and computer science (Akour et al., 2022). For example, in education, CM theory has been used to design instructional materials aligned with students’ mental models and help students integrate new information into their existing mental models.
Similarly, in psychology, CM theory has been used to study how individuals make decisions and solve problems. Researchers have found that individuals use mental models to simulate different scenarios and evaluate the potential outcomes of other actions (Arroyave et al., 2021). These mental simulations can help individuals make more informed decisions and better navigate complex situations. In computer science, CM theory has been used to design user interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use (Akour et al., 2022). By understanding users’ mental models, designers can create interfaces that align with users’ expectations and are easy to navigate. The theory provides a valuable framework for understanding how individuals perceive and understand the world and how they can adapt and learn in response to changing circumstances. Shedding light on the underlying processes of perception, understanding, and learning, CM theory can inform various fields and contribute to developing more effective instructional materials, decision-making strategies, and user interfaces (De Vos et al., 2020). The Conceptual Model (CM) theory facilitates effective communication strategies, community involvement in environmental initiatives, and the development of innovative approaches to education and user interface design that support sustainable practices and community empowerment.
3. Research methodology
The study adopted the systematic review process. According to Mohamed and Sheikh Ali (2021), a systematic review is a widely accepted research methodology used to summarise and evaluate existing evidence related to a specific research question. It involves a rigorous and transparent process of identifying, selecting, appraising, and synthesising relevant studies to produce a comprehensive and unbiased overview of the available evidence. Also aids in identifying research gaps and trends (Odularu, 2024). According to Shaffril et al. (2021), a systematic literature review is a comprehensive and methodical approach to reviewing and synthesising existing research on a specific topic or research question, and involves clearly defining the research objectives, developing a detailed and replicable search strategy, and systematically identifying, selecting, and critically appraising relevant studies. The process includes the extraction and synthesis of data from the selected studies to provide a coherent and exhaustive summary of the current state of knowledge (Odularu, 2024). This rigorous methodology ensures that the review is thorough, unbiased, and transparent, making it a valuable tool for identifying gaps in the literature, informing practice, and guiding future research with the adoption of inclusion and exclusion research design.
3.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The literature review was conducted using two primary scientific databases: Scopus Google, JSTOR and Web of Science, which are recognised as leading and competing citation databases (Zhu and Liu, 2020). The search utilised the keywords: “library Information Technology”; library Information Technology and Sustainable Development, “Information Technology,” and “Sustainable Development” within the “title, abstract, keywords” fields, written in English. Only fully published journal articles were considered for this review, excluding articles in press. Grey literature, governmental research reports, and non-English articles were not included. The adopted SLR for this study is diagrammatically expressed in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1 depicts the SLR adopted for the study. The methodology for the analysis commenced with the internet literature search of related topics to the germaneness of libraries in sustaining information technology services: rethinking towards futuristic strategies implementation. In carrying out this task, Scopus, Web of Science, JSTOR and Google platforms were utilised in the literature search, and after that, 127 articles were generated from the databases. The second step involved the search by topics and keywords, of which a balance of 116 articles was retrieved from the internet search. Furthermore, advanced literature was carried out, including the general activities of the articles' keywords and topics in the literature, and the review report was finally derived in Step 3 in alignment with the research design, making 99 articles. Furthermore, 18 articles were removed because they were duplicated, thereby yielding 81 articles used for the study. The SLR is supported in the literature by Mohamed and Sheikh Ali (2021). For the literature review, the author read all publications and noted which sustainability dimension (environmental, economic, social) each addressed the main topic and keywords used. This is crucial in understanding sustainability research and activities in this review paper. The SLR supports the research gaps and helps the researchers to focus on areas that have not been fully explored, thus contributing to the advancement of libraries and information science in the field. The research method also helped to identify the major library and IT. Moreover, this study’s findings also serve as a basis for further research on sustainability in libraries and IT services. The other identified gaps can be addressed by conducting more research in related areas. The findings of such a study can contribute to developing libraries in sustaining information technology services, sustainable practices and policies in the field (Kulkarni and Kulkarni, 2018).
4. Literature synthesis
4.1 The influence of libraries towards economic, social, environmental, and cultural sustainability
In terms of cultural sustainability, libraries are critical in achieving economic, social, environmental, and cultural sustainability (Martzoukou, 2021). They are vital public spaces that provide access to information, education, and cultural resources, promoting literacy, knowledge, and intellectual freedom (Smith, 2020). Libraries are inclusive and democratic institutions that foster social cohesion, community engagement, and civic participation. They also promote environmental sustainability by supporting circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and climate action. Regarding environmental sustainability, libraries support environmental sustainability by promoting circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and climate action. They provide access to information and resources on environmental issues, sustainability practices, and green technologies, promoting awareness, education, and action. Libraries also support sustainable consumption and production by promoting reuse, repair, and recycling. For example, the Library of Things in London, United Kingdom, is a library of objects, such as tools, household items, and musical instruments, that can be borrowed for short periods, reducing the need for ownership and promoting resource efficiency (Ford et al., 2023). Libraries also promote sustainable transportation by providing access to bikes, electric cars, and other forms of sustainable mobility. The publications classified as environmental cover a period between 2000 and 2021; 3 publications belong to the emergence phase, 31 to the take-off phase, and 11 to the re-emergence phase. Thus, the environmental usage and understanding of the core concepts have been relatively consistent. However, although the geographical distribution of publications is diverse, looking at the yearly distribution of publications, three research topics dominate in the publications classified as environmental. These are, first, a focus on “green libraries”; second, a focus on “green librarianship” (Fedorowicz-Kruszewska, 2020), including the libraries' educational role and function; and third, a focus on “green” library image and marketing. Specifically, the focus on “green” or environmentally friendly libraries dominates (Khalid et al., 2021). In such publications, a focus on library buildings is central, including designing new environmentally friendly buildings and transforming old buildings to fit new green standards (Ajani et al., 2024). Over time, the link between a green or environmentally friendly building and sustainability seems less dominant, at least in Western research environments. From around 2013, a broader understanding of the “green” or “sustainable” library is found in the research publications (Mishra et al., 2021). For example, a “green library” cannot be limited to a library with a certified green building. Instead, the term “green library” refers to “any library that promotes sustainability through education, operation, and outreach” (Sarkar, 2020). Thus, research publications on green libraries have become more diverse and multifaceted. From focusing almost exclusively on buildings, publications on green libraries come to include a focus on “green operations and practices, green programs and services, green information systems and green collections” (Fedorowicz-Kruszewska, 2020), as well as a strategic focus on library management and organisational Sustainability (Şeşen and Kuzucuoglu, 2020). Moreover, a focus on “green librarianship” (Fedorowicz-Kruszewska, 2020) and the educational role of libraries is identified. As educational institutions, libraries are described as Libraries and Sustainability: a review of 1,287 “sustainability education tools”, “demonstration vehicles” and “living laboratories” (Li and Yang, 2023). Concerning “green librarianship,” information science researcher Fedorowicz-Kruszewska (2020) introduces the concept of “green librarians” who are working to promote the familiarity and use of environmental information “in their communities and the community engagements in environmental issues.” From this perspective, librarians disseminate green values and promote “green”- or “environmental information literacy” (Ren and Lu, 2024). to the communities they serve. Such dissemination also comprises the “services, activities, events, literature, and projects related to any kind of sustainability that follows the United Nations Agenda 2030” (Atta-Obeng and Dadzie, 2020). Another example of “green librarianship” can be found in IFLA’s special interest group on Environment, Sustainability and Libraries (ENSULIB). The third dominating focus in the environmental literature is “green” library image and marketing. As library researcher Brian Edwards points out, image matters in library design, “and few images today carry more public acceptability or authority than an environmental one” (Li and Yang, 2023). Other writers, such as Demirtas Dogan and Gurpinar (2023) share this point of view. Khalid et al. (2021) argue that sustainability and environmentally friendly services “are ways to create a good image and thus to market libraries to decision-makers and customers” and that taking a stand and creating “a visible green image for the library” is a central part of the environmental work (Mathiasson and Jochumsen, 2022).
Libraries promote economic sustainability by fostering lifelong learning, skills development, and entrepreneurship (Boar et al., 2020). They offer access to educational resources, training programs, and business support services, helping individuals and communities improve their economic prospects. Libraries are also catalysts for innovation and creativity, providing spaces for co-working, collaboration, and idea generation. In addition, libraries support local economic development by providing access to information about local markets, industries, and opportunities. For example, the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County in Ohio, USA, offers a range of services for entrepreneurs, including free workshops, one-on-one consultations, and access to business databases and industry reports (Rubin and Rubin, 2020). “When sustainability and public libraries are discussed, the focus is generally on the library’s contribution to a sustainable society. Here, the focus is instead on the sustainability of the public library itself” (Johansson, 2023). This quote by library researcher Katarina Michnik describes the publications classified as having an economic understanding and usage of sustainability and sustainable development (Şeşen and Kuzucuoglu, 2020). However, the types of libraries described in these publications are less varied, as 6 out of 9 focus specifically on public libraries. In this category, two dominating research topics are found. That focuses on sustainable library development and advocacy, image and marketing. Optimising internal library practices and workflows characterises publications on sustainable library development. In times of austerity and budget cuts, Nightingale (2020) asks if libraries can “use scarcity to fuel the imagination?” Looking across the publications classified as economic, we find many highly creative suggestions for how libraries can do more with less; for example, using volunteers in library provision (Mathiasson and Jochumsen, 2022), or optimising digital library services (Koukopoulos et al., 2022). The scarcity of resources is also the backdrop for publications focusing on library advocacy, image and marketing as many libraries strive to remain essential parts of their communities (Smith, 2020). At the same time, libraries face fierce competition from other institutions and sources of information (Koukopoulos et al., 2022). To cope with the challenging and “tough economic times” (Martzoukou, 2021)., libraries should find alternative ways to reach new audiences among the citizens (Koukopoulos et al., 2022). Suggestions for such alternative ways include a more vital positioning of libraries as community development institutions (Smith, 2020), for example, by promoting libraries as “knowledge centres of modern smart cities” (Koukopoulos et al., 2022). Moreover, as Mathiasson and Jochumsen (2022) argued above, librarians are encouraged to promote the importance and role of libraries in achieving the SDGs. It is argued that such branding is likely to increase return on investments and justify subsequent funding and support (Lynch et al., 2020).
Libraries promote social sustainability by fostering social cohesion, community engagement, and civic participation (Martzoukou, 2021). They are inclusive and democratic spaces that provide access to diverse perspectives, ideas, and cultures, promoting understanding, tolerance, and empathy. Libraries also play a critical role in promoting literacy and education, reducing social inequality, and empowering marginalised communities. For example, the National Library of South Africa has launched a program called “Library and Information Services for Persons with Disabilities” to provide access to information and resources for people with disabilities (Walker, 2006). Libraries also offer safe and welcoming spaces for community activities, events, and programs, promoting social interaction and cohesion (Kshetri, 2018). The nine publications categorised as social cover a period between 1997 and 2020, with one publication from the emergence phase, three from the take-off phase and five from the re-emergence phase. The yearly distribution of publications indicates a shift in focus toward a social understanding of the core concepts. Social sustainability seems most prevalent in research publications from the USA and the African continent, specifically Ghana, Nigeria and Zimbabwe (Tilt et al., 2021).
Regarding the types of libraries described in these publications, access, and accessibility, understood here both as access to information and access to the library as a physical place, are central in the publications classified as social. This focus is closely related to a focus on community development, where sustainability and sustainable development concepts are referred to as models for social development. In addition, access to the physical library is critical to achieving the social potential of libraries as “places for all” (Pionke, 2023). Through the lens of sustainability, researcher and health science librarian Pionke (2023) addresses physical accessibility issues in libraries. By applying a Universal Design perspective to disability theory and Sustainability, Pionke argues that these concepts make up a valuable framework for addressing “sustainable accessibility” issues and improving the use of library buildings, spaces, and services (Kim et al., 2019).
Libraries play a critical role in promoting cultural sustainability by preserving and promoting cultural heritage, diversity, and creativity. They collect, preserve, and provide access to cultural resources, including books, manuscripts, archives, and artefacts, promoting research, scholarship, and cultural exchange (Abdul Rahman and Mohezar, 2020). Libraries also support the creative industries by providing access to information, resources, and services, encouraging artistic expression, and supporting the development of cultural entrepreneurship (Jenkinson and MacCall, 2019). For example, the National Library of Australia provides access to the Trove database, a digital collection of over 700 million resources, including books, newspapers, images, maps, and archives, promoting research, scholarship, and cultural exchange (Green and Green, 2024). Libraries also provide spaces for cultural events, exhibitions, and performances, promoting cultural diversity and creativity. Although the cultural usage and understanding of the role and function of libraries have been the focus of research and writings for almost a century, an explicit focus on cultural sustainability is not widespread in the research publications. Only three publications are classified as having an exact cultural usage or understanding of the Sustainability and sustainable development concepts. Thus, they represent a recent and specific research perspective on libraries, sustainability, and sustainable development. The limited number of publications with a cultural usage and understanding of the core concepts might have to do with the fact that until recently, research on sustainability concerning museums and libraries has focused almost exclusively on sustainability’s environmental, economic and social components (Loach and Rowley, 2022). To enlarge the understanding of “cultural sustainability,” Loach and Rowley (2022) argue that an increased understanding and appreciation of the value of cultural institutions is necessary for their continued survival.
Loach and Rowley (2022) defines “cultural sustainability” as a complex and highly ambiguous notion by referring to the dual understanding of culture as both “intellectual and creative products” and “the beliefs and practices of a society.” The dual understanding of culture is descriptive for the research publications classified as cultural. These publications focus both on heritage preservation – the preservation and promotion of cultural products – and on preserving and promoting cultural practices and beliefs, such as cultural identity, vitality, and cultural diversity (Loach and Rowley, 2022). According to a study by cultural policy researchers Loach and Rowley (2022), cultural identity entails preserving and promoting the culture of a particular group. Cultural vitality covers the promotion of creativity and increasing engagement with culture and the arts. Cultural diversity promotes diversity and interaction between different cultural groups. The study by research librarians Abela (2022) exemplifies how preserving and promoting cultural diversity is vital when documenting recent history. In the context of protests against police violence in Abela (2022) examine how libraries, amongst other cultural institutions, work with cultural diversity to establish trust and ensure sustainable archival processes during a community crisis. From this perspective, preserving and promoting cultural practices and beliefs is necessary to ensure sustainable development (Martzoukou, 2021). A summary of the significant factors related to IT services can be found in Table 1.
Table 1 depicts the summary of the significant factors related to IT services. Information Technology (IT) services play a pivotal role in economic, social, cultural, and environmental sustainability. Economically, IT services drive growth by enhancing economic sustainability in library development by diversifying funding sources through grants, partnerships, and community support while implementing cost-effective technologies and resource-sharing programs. Additionally, libraries can enhance their value proposition by offering services that meet community needs, such as digital literacy programs and coworking spaces, which can attract more users and justify continued investment. Socially, IT services improve quality of life to guarantee social sustainability for library information, IT can be utilised to enhance accessibility and inclusivity through digital collections, online resources, and virtual services that cater to diverse community needs. Securing individual and collective capacity development involves offering continuous education and training programs in digital literacy, information management, and technological skills, empowering users to effectively utilise library resources and contributes to community knowledge. Culturally, IT services facilitate the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage and diversity by enabling digital archiving, virtual experiences, and global cultural exchanges. Green libraries aim to improve environmental sustainability by incorporating energy-efficient designs, utilising renewable energy sources, and promoting resource conservation practices, such as recycling and waste reduction. Additionally, they offer eco-friendly services like digital lending, educational programs on sustainability, and community initiatives to encourage environmentally responsible behaviour.
4.2 Roles of libraries in providing access to IT services
Libraries have long been at the forefront of providing access to information and knowledge for their communities (Kim et al., 2019). With the rise of information technology (IT), libraries have adapted to meet the changing needs of their users. Libraries are essential in providing access to IT services, including internet connectivity, computer access, and digital resources (Babineau, 2018). In the modern era of technology, the role of libraries in providing access to IT services has become more critical than ever before. Libraries serve as the primary source of knowledge for the general public, and providing IT services is an essential part of this knowledge-sharing process. This review paper discusses the role of libraries in providing access to IT services and highlights the various roles played by libraries in the digital age (Babineau, 2018). Libraries serve as gateways to information and knowledge. They are important institutions that provide access to knowledge, and in today’s digital age, this access is incomplete without access to IT services. Access to technology is critical because it gives the public the necessary tools to access information and knowledge, both locally and globally. Libraries have always been crucial in providing access to books and other reading materials. Still, with the increasing importance of technology in everyday life, they have expanded their role to include access to IT services (Tankersley, 2020).
Providing Access to Digital Resources: One of the primary roles of libraries in providing access to IT services is to provide access to digital resources (Smith, 2020). Libraries have a vast collection of digital resources, including e-books, e-journals, databases, and online resources available to the public. These digital resources are essential because they provide access to information not available in print form. Moreover, libraries provide access to these digital resources free of charge or at a nominal fee, making them accessible to everyone (Tankersley, 2020).
Providing Access to Computers and the Internet: According to Amarasekara and Marasinghe (2020). another critical role libraries play in providing access to IT services is providing access to computers and the Internet. Access to computers and the Internet is essential in today’s digital age (Tankersley, 2020). Libraries offer free access to computers and the Internet, allowing the public to access information, communicate with others, and complete various tasks. Moreover, libraries provide computer training classes and other educational resources to help individuals improve their digital literacy skills (Yustika and Iswati, 2020).
Supporting Digital Inclusion: Libraries play a vital role in supporting digital inclusion. Digital inclusion means ensuring everyone, regardless of socio-economic status, has access to technology and the skills needed to use it effectively. Libraries support digital inclusion by providing access to technology, resources, and educational programs to help bridge the digital divide. They also offer support to vulnerable populations, including seniors, low-income individuals, and individuals with disabilities, to ensure that they have equal access to IT services (Marshall, 2016).
Embrace futuristic strategies: These strategies should be geared towards meeting the changing needs of patrons, improving access to information, and enhancing the efficiency of library operations. Some strategies libraries can adopt include implementing cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and mobile technologies (Lohr, 2015).
Providing Technical Support: According to Amarasekara and Marasinghe (2020), libraries also provide technical support to the public. They help with computer issues, software installation, and other technological problems. Technical support is essential because it ensures the public can access IT services without facing technical barriers. The role of libraries in providing access to IT services is critical in the digital age. Libraries provide access to digital resources, computers, and the Internet, support digital inclusion, and provide technical support to the general public (Olatoye et al., 2021). Access to IT services is essential because it allows for the necessary tools for individuals to access information and knowledge, both locally and globally. Libraries play a vital role in ensuring everyone can access these tools, regardless of socio-economic status. Therefore, it is essential to continue supporting libraries and their role in providing access to IT services (Fedorowicz-Kruszewska (2020). Libraries play an essential role in the Sustainability of IT services. The traditional role of libraries has been to provide access to books and other print materials (Jenkinson and MacCall, 2019). However, with the increasing digitisation of information, libraries have transformed into providers of electronic resources and services that can support IT professionals' needs. One of the key benefits of libraries in sustaining IT services is their ability to provide access to specialised resources. Libraries can provide access to various electronic resources, such as online databases, e-journals, and e-books. These resources can be expensive to purchase and maintain, but IT professionals can access them at a reduced cost or even for free through the library (Connaway and Radford, 2021). This access to specialised resources enables IT professionals to stay up to date with the latest trends, best practices, and technological developments. It helps them develop and maintain their organisations’ IT services (Aharony, 2019). Another benefit of libraries sustaining IT services is their ability to offer training and professional development opportunities. Libraries often provide training programs and workshops on various IT-related topics, such as cybersecurity, data management, and programming. These training programs can help IT professionals develop new skills, stay current with new technologies, and improve their job performance (Alajmi and Albudaiwi, 2021). Libraries can also provide access to certification programs, which can help IT professionals demonstrate their expertise to their employers and clients. Libraries also play a vital role in promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing. Libraries are often hubs for researchers, academics, and IT professionals, which makes them a natural location for collaboration and knowledge sharing (Kutu and Olajide, 2020). Libraries can facilitate collaboration between different departments within or between organisations by providing meeting spaces, communication tools, and access to information. Libraries can also offer opportunities for IT professionals to participate in user groups and professional associations, which can help them network and share information with colleagues. While challenges must be addressed, the benefits of libraries in sustaining IT services are clear, making them an essential component of any organisation’s IT strategy. According to Alajmi and Albudaiwi (2021), libraries have always been at the forefront of providing access to information and resources to the public. This primarily involved providing access to physical books and other materials in the past. However, with the increasing importance of technology in modern society, libraries must adapt to the changing needs of users in terms of IT services. To adapt to these changing needs, libraries should conduct a needs assessment to identify the IT services that are most important to their users. This could involve surveys, focus groups, or other feedback mechanisms to gather information about what IT services users need and how they would like to access them.
Once these needs have been identified, libraries should offer various IT services that meet the diverse needs of their users (Amarasekara and Marasinghe, 2020). This could include high-speed Internet, computer workstations, online databases, e-books, and e-journals. By offering a range of services, libraries can ensure that they are meeting the needs of all users, regardless of their technological literacy or preferences. In addition to offering a variety of IT services, libraries should also provide access to emerging technologies to meet the changing needs of their users (Seattle Public Library, 2022). This could include virtual and augmented reality technologies, which are becoming increasingly popular in fields such as education and entertainment. To ensure users can effectively use these technologies, libraries should provide training and support (Pomerantz, 2015). This could involve workshops, online tutorials, and one-on-one assistance to help users navigate and understand the new technologies. Libraries should also consider partnering with other organisations to offer IT services and support to a broader audience. For example, libraries could partner with schools to provide access to educational resources and technologies or with local businesses to offer technical training and support for employees (Alajmi and Albudaiwi, 2021). Libraries must stay updated with IT trends and advancements to remain relevant and practical. This could involve attending conferences, reading industry publications, and consulting with IT experts to stay informed about the latest technologies and best practices (Pomerantz, 2015).
4.3 Integration of information technologies to library services
Blockchain: Implement blockchain technology to enhance data security and streamline digital transactions, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of user data and digital assets (Salah et al., 2019).
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Utilise AI to automate cataloguing processes, improve information retrieval, and offer personalised services to users. AI can also be used to analyse user behaviour and preferences to tailor services more effectively (Hase and Bansal, 2020).
Internet of Things (IoT): Develop smart library environments using IoT to connect physical and digital resources, enhancing user experiences through automated lighting, climate control, and resource tracking (Kopetz and Steiner, 2022).
Digital Literacy and Inclusion Programs: Workshops and Training: Offer continuous digital literacy workshops and training programs to help users develop essential IT skills, ensuring that all community members can effectively use digital technologies (United Nations, 2020).
Access to Technology: Provide free or low-cost access to computers, high-speed internet, and other digital tools, particularly for underserved and marginalised communities to bridge the digital divide (Mehta and Wang, 2020).
Sustainable Practices and Green IT: Energy-Efficient Technologies: Adopt energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce the environmental impact of library operations. This includes using energy-efficient servers, computers, and lighting systems (Kopetz and Steiner, 2022).
Digital Resources: Promote the use of digital resources over physical ones to reduce paper usage and physical storage needs, contributing to environmental sustainability (Atta-Obeng and Dadzie, 2020).
Collaborative Platforms and Partnerships: Knowledge Sharing: Establish collaborative platforms for knowledge sharing among libraries, educational institutions, and research organisations. This can enhance resource availability and reduce duplication of efforts (UN, 2020).
Community Engagement: Partner with local organisations, governments, and businesses to support community-based projects and initiatives, fostering a culture of learning and innovation (Atta-Obeng and Dadzie, 2020).
Enhanced User Experience and Accessibility: User-Centric Design: Implement user-centric design principles in library websites and digital interfaces to improve accessibility and usability for all users, including those with disabilities (Dei and Asante, 2022).
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Use VR and AR technologies to create immersive learning experiences and virtual tours, making library resources more engaging and accessible (Zhan et al., 2020).
4.4 Alignment with sustainable development goals (SDGs)
According to ElMassah and Mohieldin (2020), library services align with SDGs in the following ways:
SDG 1: No Poverty: Providing access to digital resources and IT training helps reduce poverty by improving individuals' skills and employability.
SDG 4: Quality Education: Enhancing digital literacy and offering educational resources support inclusive and equitable quality education for all.
SDG 5: Gender Equality: Empowering women and girls through access to technology and information promotes gender equality.
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth: Supporting economic growth by providing career development resources and entrepreneurial support.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Promoting innovation and infrastructure through the integration of emerging technologies.
SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities: Ensuring equitable access to information and technology helps reduce inequalities within and among countries.
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities: Contributing to sustainable communities by serving as hubs for community engagement and lifelong learning.
SDG 13: Climate Action: Implementing sustainable IT practices contributes to climate action efforts.
4.5 Challenges of libraries in sustaining IT services
According to Marshall (2016), and ElMassah and Mohieldin (2020), libraries have always been integral to society, providing users with many resources and services. With the advent of technology, libraries have undergone significant changes in their operations, with IT services becoming a crucial component of library services. However, libraries face several challenges in sustaining IT services. One of the primary challenges that libraries face in sustaining IT services is funding. Implementing and maintaining IT services requires significant hardware, software, and staff training investments. However, recruiting and retaining qualified staff can be challenging due to several factors. Firstly, libraries often have limited budgets, making offering competitive salaries and benefits packages difficult. Secondly, a shortage of qualified IT professionals makes finding suitable candidates for library positions challenging (Pomerantz, 2015). Finally, the rapid pace of technological change requires IT staff to continually update their skills, making ongoing training a critical component of library IT services. Security is also a significant challenge faced by libraries in sustaining IT services. Libraries collect and store sensitive user data, including personal and financial information, making them a target for cyber-attacks. A breach in security can have severe consequences, including loss of user trust and potential legal liabilities. Libraries must implement robust security measures, including firewalls, antivirus software, and employee training, to protect user data from cyber-attacks. Another challenge libraries face in sustaining IT services is the need for interoperability. Libraries use several systems to manage their collections and services, such as the Integrated Library System (ILS), Electronic Resource Management (ERM), and Discovery systems. These systems must be interoperable, allowing seamless integration and data sharing (Yang, 2013). However, achieving interoperability can be challenging due to the different systems’ proprietary nature, making data transfer difficult. Finally, the rapid pace of technological change presents a significant challenge for libraries in sustaining IT services. Libraries must keep up with technological advancements to remain relevant and meet user needs. However, the rapid pace of technological change requires significant investments in hardware, software, and staff training, making it challenging for libraries with limited budgets. Additionally, new technologies often require substantial changes in library workflows and processes, which can be challenging to implement and maintain (Hess et al., 2020). Libraries must address these challenges to provide reliable and effective IT services to their users. Addressing these challenges will require significant investments in funding, staff training, security measures, and a willingness to adapt to new technologies and changing user needs.
4.6 Overcoming the challenges of libraries in sustaining IT services
Libraries worldwide face numerous challenges sustaining their IT services due to budget constraints, rapidly evolving technologies, and changing user needs. However, libraries can overcome these challenges by adopting effective strategies that ensure the sustainability of their IT services. According to Mehra and Irvin (2024), the following strategies were identified for overcoming the challenges of libraries in sustaining IT services: Another approach libraries can adopt to overcome the challenge of sustaining IT services is collaborating with other libraries and organisations. By working together, libraries can leverage each other’s strengths and expertise to develop and sustain IT services that may not be possible for individual libraries to support on their own. Collaborative efforts can take many forms, including consortia, partnerships, and shared services. The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) is an excellent example of a collaborative effort among libraries and cultural institutions to provide a unified digital library platform (Bishoff, 2021). The DPLA offers a platform for aggregating and sharing digital collections from libraries, archives, and museums around the United States. The DPLA offers a comprehensive search interface that allows users to search across multiple digital groups simultaneously (Bishoff, 2021).
Libraries can also explore alternative funding sources to support their IT services (Hess et al., 2020). Traditional funding sources, such as government grants and municipal budgets, may not be sufficient to sustain IT services in the long term. Therefore, libraries need to explore alternative funding sources to ensure the sustainability of their IT services (Mehra and Irvin, 2024). Alternative funding sources include grants, partnerships with private organisations, and crowdfunding. The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) provides funding opportunities for libraries to develop and implement innovative IT services (Hess et al., 2020). The IMLS grants various projects, including digital preservation, data curation, and community engagement. The IMLS provides technical assistance and training for libraries to develop and implement IT services effectively. Libraries must have the resources to maintain and upgrade their technology infrastructure to support the changing needs of IT professionals, and must be able to adapt to changes in the technology landscape and provide relevant resources and services to their users (Pomerantz, 2015). Private organisations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have funded libraries to support their IT services. The Gates Foundation has funded public libraries to develop and implement innovative IT services promoting digital literacy and technology access. The Gates Foundation has also financed libraries to develop and implement mobile and remote services that reach underserved communities (Mamabolo and Durodolu, 2023). Libraries face numerous challenges sustaining their IT services due to budget constraints, rapidly evolving technologies, and changing user needs. However, by adopting effective strategies such as adopting open-source software solutions, collaborating with other libraries and organisations, and exploring alternative funding sources, libraries can overcome these challenges and ensure the sustainability of their IT services (Mehra and Irvin (2024). Libraries implementing these strategies can provide innovative IT services that meet the needs of their communities and promote digital literacy and access to technology. Libraries must prioritise the sustainability of their IT services to continue serving their communities effectively in the digital age (Martzoukou, 2021).
5. Conclusion
The germaneness of libraries in sustaining IT services is a critical research problem that requires further exploration. Libraries play a crucial role in providing access to IT services, particularly for people who cannot afford to access IT services elsewhere (Jenkinson and MacCall, 2019). This article outlines several ways libraries can sustain their information technology services in the face of constantly evolving technology, and budget constraints are presented. These strategies include collaboration and partnerships with other institutions, using open-source software, engaging in user-centred design, and ongoing training and professional development for staff. Collaboration and partnerships with other institutions can benefit smaller libraries with limited resources. By working with other libraries, universities, or organisations, they can pool resources and expertise to provide better services for their patrons. This can take many forms, such as shared software licences, joint purchasing agreements, or even joint technology staff positions. Open-source software is another strategy that can help libraries sustain their IT services. By using open-source software, libraries can save money on licensing fees and have greater control over their software. Additionally, open-source software often has a community of developers who contribute to its ongoing development and maintenance, meaning libraries can benefit from ongoing updates and improvements without investing in them directly.
Engaging in user-centred design is crucial for libraries to ensure their technology services meet their patrons' needs. This involves understanding user needs and preferences and designing services and systems that are intuitive and easy to use. This includes user research, usability testing, and ongoing feedback collection and analysis. Finally, ongoing training and professional development for staff are essential for libraries to sustain their IT services. Technology is constantly evolving, and it can be challenging for libraries to keep up with the latest trends and tools. By investing in staff training, libraries can ensure they have the knowledge and skills to provide their patrons with high-quality IT services. In addition to these specific strategies, it is also essential for libraries to approach their IT services strategically and holistically. This means considering how technology fits into the broader mission and goals of the library and ensuring that IT services are aligned with these goals. It also means proactively anticipating future technology trends and developments rather than simply reacting. Maintaining information technology services in libraries requires a multifaceted and strategic approach. By collaborating with other institutions, using open-source software, engaging in user-centred design, investing in staff training, and taking a holistic approach to IT services, libraries can provide high-quality technology services to their patrons while staying within budget constraints. However, libraries face challenges sustaining IT services, such as resource limitations and changing user needs. Thus, this study is essential in understanding the state of Sustainability in Libraries and information technology services and can help identify areas for further research and collaboration towards achieving sustainable development in the field.
5.1 Recommendations
5.1.1 Futuristic strategies for libraries to sustain information technology services
Rethinking the futuristic strategies implementation libraries is a concept that refers to using pre-built components, frameworks, and other tools organisations can leverage to implement futuristic strategies in their information technology (IT) services. This approach aims to streamline the development process, reduce costs and errors, and keep up with the latest technologies, helping organisations sustain their IT services. In today’s digital age, libraries are no longer a place to borrow books. They have evolved into information hubs that offer various services to their users, including access to digital content, research materials, and IT services. The rapid pace of technological advancement requires libraries to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and continually adapt their services to meet the changing needs of their patrons. To ensure that libraries remain relevant in the future, they need to develop futuristic strategies that can help sustain their information technology services. The following are identified as futuristic strategies for libraries to sustain information technology services:
Strategy 1: Collaborate with IT Companies: Libraries stay current with the latest technologies by collaborating with IT companies. By partnering with technology companies, libraries can gain access to cutting-edge hardware and software, which they can use to provide their users with better IT services. For instance, the collaboration between Bibliotheca Alexandrina and IBM resulted in the creation of an online library that offers users access to more than two million books and academic articles (Matar, 2017). Similarly, the partnership between the National Library of the Netherlands and Google resulted in the digitisation of over 160,000 books (O’Leary et al., 2013). By collaborating with IT companies, libraries can benefit from their expertise and knowledge of the latest IT trends.
Strategy 2: Implement Emerging Technologies: To sustain their information technology services, libraries must embrace emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). For instance, AI-powered chatbots can provide users with instant assistance, while machine learning algorithms can recommend relevant books and articles. The IoT can automate various library processes, such as cataloguing and inventory management. By implementing emerging technologies, libraries can provide their users with more efficient and personalised services, enhancing their user experience.
Strategy 3: Develop a Digital Strategy: To sustain their information technology services, libraries must have a comprehensive digital strategy. A digital strategy outlines how libraries plan to use technology to achieve their goals and objectives. It should include a roadmap for the implementation of new technologies, guidelines for the use of digital resources, and policies for the management of digital assets. A digital strategy should also address data security, privacy, and intellectual property rights. By developing a digital strategy, libraries can ensure that they are using technology effectively and efficiently to meet the needs of their users. Libraries must develop a futuristic strategy to sustain their information technology services. By collaborating with IT companies, implementing emerging technologies, and creating a digital strategy, libraries can provide their users with better IT services and enhance their user experience. In a world where technology is constantly changing, libraries must continue to adapt and evolve to remain relevant and serve their communities effectively. Furthermore, libraries should actively integrate cutting-edge information technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain into their services. This will enhance the efficiency of library processes, automate routine tasks, and provide users with advanced information retrieval capabilities. Furthermore, there is a need to implement digital literacy programs for library staff and users. These programs should focus on building competencies related to emerging technologies, ensuring that everyone is equipped to navigate and utilise the digital resources and services offered by the library effectively. It is also important to foster collaboration with technology experts, industry professionals, and other libraries globally. Establishing partnerships can facilitate the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and resources, leading to the implementation of best practices in information technology services.
The adoption of a user-centric design approach when developing and upgrading IT services is also an important recommendation, and soliciting feedback from library users to understand their evolving needs and preferences is essential. Implementing intuitive interfaces and personalised services will enhance user satisfaction and engagement. It is also important to prioritise robust data security and privacy measures to safeguard the sensitive information stored and accessed within library systems. Adherence to international data protection standards is essential to instil confidence among users and stakeholders. Allocate resources for continuous professional development for library staff. Training programs should focus on keeping staff abreast of the latest developments in information technology, ensuring that they possess the skills necessary for adequate IT service provision. Invest in flexible and scalable IT infrastructure to accommodate the growing volume and complexity of digital content and services. Cloud-based solutions, scalable databases, and high-speed networks are critical components for a future-proof IT architecture. Embrace and promote open access initiatives to ensure that digital resources are widely accessible. This includes advocating for open-access publishing, supporting open educational resources, and collaborating to expand the global knowledge commons It is also important to conduct regular environmental scans to identify emerging technologies and trends relevant to library services. Proactively staying informed about technological advancements will enable libraries to adapt swiftly and maintain relevance. Foster a culture of innovation within the library by encouraging experimentation and creative thinking. Establish platforms for staff to propose and implement innovative solutions that enhance information technology services. It is also recommended to leverage data analytics tools to gain insights into user behaviours, preferences, and the effectiveness of library services. Data-driven decision-making can inform strategic planning and resource allocation for optimal impact. By incorporating these recommendations, libraries can position themselves as dynamic and indispensable hubs for information and technology, meeting the evolving needs of users in an increasingly digital and interconnected world.
Figure 1
Systematic literature review (SLR) adopted for the study
[Figure omitted. See PDF]
Table 1
A summary of the significant factors related to IT services includes economic, social, cultural, and environmental sustainability
| How | What | Why | The result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental | Improvement of green libraries conceptualised as environmentally sustainable library practices and services | Optimising | Convictions on internal and external motivations |
| Economic | Ensuring sustainability in the development of libraries | Optimising | Convictions on internal and external motivations |
| Social | Guaranteeing accessibility for library information through the utilisation of IT and securing individual and collective capacity development | Optimising | Creating possibilities for action and acting as change catalysts for development |
Source(s): Table 1 by author (2024)
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