ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aims to critically investigate and analyze water resource management in the Watershed of the Tributaries of the Upper São Francisco River (SF1), in Minas Gerais, focusing on the granting processes and registrations of insignificant use. It seeks to understand the relationships between the growth of water grants and registrations and socioeconomic variables, such as GDP per capita, population, and land coverage for agriculture
Theoretical Framework: The analysis is based on the principles of integrated water resource management and the guidelines of the National Water Resources Policy, considering technical, social, and environmental aspects. Previous studies emphasize the relevance of efficient monitoring and auditing systems in water resource management.
Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes an exploratory and descriptive approach, with a documentary analysis of data extracted from IDE-SISEMA and a systematic literature review. The data covers the period from 2018 to 2022 and includes information on grants, registrations, and socioeconomic variables in the SF1 watershed.
Results and Discussion: A significant increase in water grants was observed from 2018 onwards, accompanied by a higher proportion of insignificant use registrations. However, correlations between socioeconomic variables and the number of water grants did not show statistical significance. Water resource management in SF1 highlights challenges in balancing water demand and conservation efforts.
Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research highlight the need for more efficient audits and the inclusion of measurable data in registrations to enhance oversight and management of water resources, providing support for more effective public policies.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by evidencing unique patterns and challenges in water resource management in SF1, emphasizing the importance of more rigorous methodologies for the sustainable use of water resources.
Keywords: Water Resource Management, Grants, Sustainability, Audit, Self-Declaration, SF1.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar e analisar criticamente a gestão de recursos hídricos na Bacia Hidrográfica dos Afluentes do Alto São Francisco (SF1), em Minas Gerais, com foco nos processos de outorga e cadastros de uso considerado insignificante. Busca-se compreender as relações entre o crescimento das outorgas e cadastros, e variáveis socioeconômicas, como PIB per capita, população e cobertura de plantio.
Referencial Teórico: A análise baseia-se nos princípios de gestão integrada de recursos hídricos e nas diretrizes da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, considerando aspectos técnicos, sociais e ambientais. Estudos prévios destacam a relevância de sistemas eficientes de monitoramento e auditoria na gestão hídrica.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa compreende uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva, com análise documental de dados extraídos da IDE-SISEMA e revisão sistemática da literatura. Os dados compreendem o período de 2018 a 2022 e incluem informações sobre outorgas, cadastros e variáveis socioeconômicas na bacia SF1.
Resultados e Discussão: Observou-se crescimento significativo nas outorgas a partir de 2018, acompanhado por uma maior proporção de cadastros insignificantes. Contudo, as correlações entre variáveis socioeconômicas e o número de outorgas não apresentaram significância estatística. A gestão hídrica na SF1 evidencia desafios de balanceamento entre demanda hídrica e conservação.
Implicações da Pesquisa: As implicações práticas e teóricas desta pesquisa destacam a necessidade de auditorias mais eficientes e inclusão de dados mensuráveis nos cadastros para melhorar a fiscalização e gestão dos recursos hídricos, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas mais eficazes.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao evidenciar padrões e desafios únicos na gestão hídrica da SF1, destacando a importância de metodologias mais rigorosas para um uso sustentável dos recursos hídricos.
Palavras-chave: Gestão de Recursos Hídricos, Outorgas, Sustentabilidade, Auditoria, Autodeclaração, SF1.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar y analizar críticamente la gestión de los recursos hídricos en la Cuenca Hidrográfica de los Afluentes del Alto São Francisco (SF1), en Minas Gerais, centrándose en los procesos de concesión y registros de uso considerado insignificante. Se busca comprender las relaciones entre el crecimiento de las concesiones y registros, y las variables socioeconómicas como el PIB per cápita, la población y la cobertura agrícola.
Marco Teórico: El análisis se basa en los principios de gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y en las directrices de la Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, considerando aspectos técnicos, sociales y ambientales. Estudios previos destacan la relevancia de sistemas eficientes de monitoreo y auditoría en la gestión hídrica.
Método: La metodología adoptada incluye un enfoque exploratorio y descriptivo, con análisis documental de datos extraídos de la IDE-SISEMA y revisión sistemática de literatura. Los datos comprenden el período de 2018 a 2022 e incluyen información sobre concesiones, registros y variables socioeconómicas en la cuenca SF1.
Resultados y Discusión: Se observó un aumento significativo en las concesiones a partir de 2018, acompañado de una mayor proporción de registros insignificantes. Sin embargo, las correlaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas y el número de concesiones no presentaron significancia estadística. La gestión hídrica en la SF1 evidencia desafíos en el equilibrio entre demanda hídrica y conservación.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas de esta investigación destacan la necesidad de auditorías más eficientes y la inclusión de datos medibles en los registros para mejorar la supervisión y gestión de los recursos hídricos, proporcionando apoyo a políticas públicas más eficaces.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura al evidenciar patrones y desafíos únicos en la gestión hídrica de la SF1, destacando la importancia de metodologías más rigurosas para un uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos.
Palabras clave: Gestión de Recursos Hídricos, Concesiones, Sostenibilidad, Auditoría, Autodeclaración, SF1.
1 INTRODUCTION
Effective water resource management is essential to ensure the supply of water in adequate quantity and quality for various uses, such as human supply, agriculture, livestock, industry, and aquatic ecosystems (Moser, 2016), and is a crucial global concern in the 21st century. In a world where drinking water is a locally finite resource, its fair and sustainable distribution is essential for the prosperity of nations and the well-being of communities (Bouman et al., 2020). In the Brazilian context, a country blessed with vast water resources, the proper management of these resources plays a prominent role in the pursuit of sustainable development. However, more than two decades after the implementation of the Water Law in Brazil, there are several obstacles regarding the planning and management of water resources (Cerezini ; Hanai , 2017).
Effective water resource management is a complex and crucial challenge for the sustainable development of any region (Jardim; Bursztyn , 2015). In a Brazilian state like Minas Gerais, recognized for its water diversity, responsible management of these resources is of utmost importance to ensure a balance between growing demand, maintenance and conservation.
This article aims to critically analyze the current scenario of water resource management in the state of Minas Gerais, with a particular focus on water concessions, which are authorizations granted for water use, and insignificant water use records. Factors such as public policies, environmental challenges and the effectiveness of existing management mechanisms will be considered. More specifically, with data inherent in the Upper São Francisco Tributaries Basin (SF1).
The problem refers to the sustainability of environmental management inherent to the current legislation and management of water resources, applied in the hydrographic basins of the state of Minas Gerais. With emphasis on the jurisdiction of the Hydrographic Basin of the Tributaries of the Upper São Francisco (SF1), which protects the historical and geological sources of the River of National Integration. During the preparation of the PDRH and ECA of the Hydrographic Basin, completed in 2022 (Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco - CBHSF, 2021), some major problems were observed, highlighting the lack of adequate environmental monitoring. The hydrographic basin is more focused on agricultural activities than on the industrial sector, with a large presence of small rural properties.
In this context, we seek to determine whether the issuance of permits and registrations of use have shown growth in recent years. If so, was this growth proportional to each other and is there any correlation with other socioeconomic factors?
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
As Brazil, like the world, faces increasing pressures on its water resources due to urban expansion, agricultural and industrial demands, and climate change, it is imperative to critically analyze the current water resources management framework and explore ways to achieve more sustainable and equitable management. According to the Annual Report of the National Water Agency (Brazil, 2022), 44 million people were affected by droughts and dry spells in Brazil, and a State of Emergency or State of Public Calamity was declared due to droughts or long dry spells at least once between 2019 and 2021.
The state of Amazonas, internationally recognized for its vast biodiversity, faces unique challenges related to water management, especially due to its extensive river basin and extreme rainfall events (Souza et al., 2020). Its management is intrinsically linked to forest preservation and cooperation between states and borders with other countries with the aim of protecting the region's biome. However, during 2023 the state experienced a serious water crisis, with loss of water surface and damage to ecosystems and humans, mainly due to the detriment of fishing and navigability. The water crisis can, in part, be attributed to significant deviations in the precipitation patterns and temperature trends observed contemporaneously (Nobre et al., 2016; Chiodi ; Pinto; Uezu , 2021). According to research by the Annual Mapping Project of Land Use and Coverage in Brazil - MapBiomas (Brazil, 2023), Brazil has lost 15% (fifteen percent) of its water surface since the 1990s.
Interstate cooperation is essential for the integrated and efficient management of water resources, both in Brazil and abroad. Given that the extensive network of basins, such as the São Francisco River, breaks down state barriers, and all activities along its course have a direct impact on its ecosystem and, consequently, on society. Participatory water management, focusing on management at the river basin level and based on the appropriate analysis of the instruments defined in the State Water Resources Policy, is shown to be a correct application of knowledge and efforts in favor of water quality (Santos; Borges, 2017; Ávila et al., 2018; Antônio et al., 2019).
In the socioeconomic context, management strategies vary according to the socioeconomic context of each region, including factors such as urbanization, industrialization and consumption patterns. Water sustainability should be a priority, with an increasing focus on conservation and restoration of water-related ecosystems.
In analyzing the document Management and Situation of Waters in Minas Gerais (IGAM, 2022), information was obtained about the assessment of sectoral water consumption in the state, highlighting among them: the irrigation sector with the highest consumption demand (54.97%), followed by the sectors: mining (18.01%), industrial (14.16%) and livestock (12.86%).
Water resource management involves the planning, regulation, use and sustainable preservation of water resources. This poses challenges that include scarcity, contamination and disputes over use. Nevertheless, there is also a need to integrate a holistic approach considering other factors in the social, economic and environmental aspects, when integrating public policies regarding the environmental theme of the River Basin Committees (Santos; Naves, 2017). In a scenario of lack of governance, this is a consequence of weaknesses in the Committees (Di Mauro; Mageste ; Lemes, 2017).
Above all, in a scenario that is constantly changing as a result of climate change, which presents additional challenges, including variability in rainfall or scarcity, the increased frequency of extreme events that affect the population and cause damage, requiring adaptations in a broader context to minimize their effects on society and achieve a possible environmental balance.
The process of granting water in Minas Gerais is currently regulated by the State Water Resources Management System, Law No. 13,199/1999 (Minas Gerais, 1999), with the Minas Gerais Water Management Institute (IGAM) responsible for regulating and granting water permits, based on the boundaries of the State Water Resources Council (CERH). The request to IGAM requires detailed information on the intended use, flow rates and other technical aspects. The analysis takes into account water availability, the classification of water bodies and compatibility with existing uses. Currently, requests for drilling wells and grant applications are filed via the Electronic Information System (SEI) and are sent to the Regional Water Management Unit (URGA) with territorial responsibility for the water intervention site. According to information available on the IGAM website, specific documentation with a Technical Responsibility Note (ART) is required for the petition, from the person technically responsible for preparing the granting process (IGAM, 2023a).
At the other extreme, there is the issuance of the registry of use considered insignificant, for uses and interventions that do not depend on a grant, it has the criteria for classification of Insignificant Uses provided for in the Normative Deliberation (DR) of CERH No. 09/2004 (Minas Gerais, 2004), for surface collections and accumulations and in DN CERH No. 76/2022 (Minas Gerais, 2022), for collections of groundwater through tubular wells, cisterns, springs and upwellings . Since May of two thousand and seventeen, the certificate has been issued after filling in the parameterized fields in a virtual environment (web), in the Insignificant Use of Water Resources Registry System (IGAM, 2023b). It is noted that the registration is carried out in a self-declaratory manner , and it is the applicant's responsibility to provide the necessary information and declare the real data.
3 METHODOLOGY
The research location was chosen due to the importance of the São Francisco River basin, in this case, focusing on SF1, which is made up of 29 municipalities and is also the site of its historical source. According to the PNRH (Brazil, 2006), it presents strong contrasts, such as the presence of agribusiness and mining companies in the Upper and Middle regions, in relation to the other areas along its course. The analysis of SF1 was carried out with the aim of verifying the information, in a representative way, regarding the data from the state of Minas Gerais, in a significant hydrographic basin. This hydrographic district includes the sources of the São Francisco River and has great historical and cultural expression, as well as in the management of water resources in the state.
The SF1 Hydrographic Basin, in accordance with the description contained on the website of the Portal of the Committees of the Minas Gerais Water Management Institute (Minas Gerais, 2023a), has the following characteristics: total area of 14,155.09 km2, covering the municipalities of Abaeté, Arcos, Bambuí, Bom Despacho, Campos Altos, Capitólio, Danta Stream, Fundo Stream, Dores do Indaiá, Doresópolis, Estrela do Indaiá, Formiga, Iguatama, Japaraíba, Prata Lagoon, Luz, Martinho Campos, Medeiros, Moema, Pains, Pimenta, Piumhi, Pratinha, General Headquarters, Santo Antônio do Monte, São Roque de Minas, Serra da Saudade, Tapiraí and Vargem Bonita. With a total population: 260,698 thousand inhabitants (urban = 228,589 thousand and rural = 32,109 thousand) and population density: 16.1 inhab./km2, as per Figure 1.
The approach used in data collection is exploratory and descriptive, with quantitative and qualitative documentary analysis. Information on legislation and regulations on water resources was obtained from government websites. A systematic review of the scientific literature, including articles, books and reports related to water resource management, was carried out through searches in academic databases in online resources, through the Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scielo databases. Sources related to water resource management, grants, water sustainability and records of insignificant uses were targeted.
Data on grants and use registrations considered insignificant, inherent to the quantity, flow and volume granted and registered over the period from 2018 to 2022 in Minas Gerais, were obtained through official sources from the Minas Gerais Water Management Institute (IGAM) hosted with the Spatial Data Infrastructure of the State System for the Environment and Water Resources (IDE-SISEMA) (Minas Gerais, 2023c; 2025). The data were extracted from IDE-SISEMA in spreadsheet format: "XLSX. The State Water Resources Council (CERH-MG), through Normative Deliberation No. 66/2020 (Minas Gerais, 2020), defined the Strategic Management Units (UEGs), for management purposes, with an emphasis on planning, which are composed of Hydrographic Circumscriptions (CH).
Considering the scope of the granting and registration database available at IDESISEMA, at the time of the first consultation and download of the data carried out on 11/25/2023, changes were found in the spreadsheets and data, with a reduction in the period and information, in a new consultation on 01/03/2025. In this context, considering the comparative analysis between granting and registrations, in a similar period and temporal information, and noting that there was a change in the analysis and granting processes, and regularization of existing liabilities, with a decrease as of May 2018, the 5-year period for analysis was defined (2018 to 2022), with better details below. The granting data inherent to the year 2024 were updated until 04/02/2024 and the registration data prior to the year 2021 were removed from the platform.
The variables analyzed were the number of concessions granted, by surface and underground type, in addition to flow and volume, and the number of records considered to be of insignificant use of water resources, in addition to the generic analysis of data by purpose of use.
It is observed that the data provided in the spreadsheet (XLSX) extracted from IDESISEMA derive from a database with several entries. The data provided in the spreadsheet have discrepancies in the flow measurements, being described in m3/s, m3/h, l/sel/h. There is no presentation of the product of the multiplication between the flow, time, days of the week and months, making it necessary to tabulate the information and perform the calculations. The socioeconomic information of the municipalities of the basin representative of SF1 was accessed from the website of Fundação João Pinheiro, FJP (2023).
For data processing, data were tabulated using MicrosoftExcel®, Office 365 A1 for students license (10032002F1DD7085), and "R ® " environment (R Core Team, 2023), using the following functional packages: Pastecs and Lubridate (Grosjean; Ibanez, 2018), Dplyr (Wickham et al., 2023), Tidyr (Wickham; Vaughan; Girlich, 2023), Purrr (Wickham; Henry, 2023), Ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016). Figure 2 presents the flowchart of the applied methodology.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
By extracting data from IDE-SISEMA and tabulating and processing the data using MicrosoftExcel® and the "R ® " environment, the total amounts of grants and usage registrations considered insignificant in the state of Minas Gerais in a historical series were obtained.
A total of 51,745 entries with 112 variables were observed for the grant data and a total of 136,235 entries with 90 variables for the insignificant use records. It is worth noting that among the records of use considered insignificant, 11,327 entries are presented as non-consumptive. However, their primary purpose of use is to quench the thirst of animals.
It can be seen that consumptive uses of water are those that subtract part of the water availability at a given collection point. Traditional examples of consumptive uses are those intended for the purposes of domestic water supply, animal watering, industrial use, and crop irrigation (IGAM, 2010). It can be inferred that the self-declaration of users was erroneous and that the release system does not have rules in its parameterized information fields that prevent it from making releases that do not conform to reality. This analysis shows that there is no efficient process of inspection tools such as auditing of releases, with the necessary adjustments resulting only from on-site inspections.
Figure 3 shows the number of grants from the year 2000 to the year 2022, with a trend line with the moving average in two periods. Considering the increase in the number of grants in force at a different rate of granting of grants from the year 2018 onwards.
It is observed that there was a direction in the water management of the state of Minas Gerais with a focus on regularizing existing liabilities in the process of analyzing concessions in progress, in May 2018 ( IGAM, 2019), through the change of procedures and issuance.
There has been a sharp upward trend since 2015, which can be explained by a transition in 2018 in the procedures of the environmental regularization system, with regard to the granting processes. In this context, the granting data for the last five years will be comparatively assessed in relation to the other environmental factors to be verified.
To perform the descriptive statistical analysis, the data were normalized between 0 and 1 ( Z Score ), with three decimal places, using the "R ® " environment, with the results described in Table 2.
The difference between mean and median is close to zero, suggesting that the distribution is more symmetrical. Regarding the Shapiro- Wilk test statistics , the variable does not differ significantly from a normal distribution.
Regarding the usage registration data considered insignificant, the data analyzed demonstrate a lower number of registrations in 2019 and previous years, compared to subsequent years, as can be seen in Table 1.
Considering the various changes in the platforms for the initial protocol, this number, contained in IDE-SISEMA, possibly does not indicate the real amount existing in those years (2018 and 2019), being disregarded for a comparison between grants and registrations. However, the increase in the number of registrations is clear, which almost doubled after 2020.
Table 3 presents the data segregated by UPGRH, between the years 2020 and 2022, for information on grants and registrations in force in the São Francisco River basin.
It should be noted that the information analyzed was obtained using official data, even in relation to the inadequacy of the parameterized fields for requesting and issuing water resource use records, and the inference of the lack of auditing of self-declared information.
In a precarious analysis, it is found that the growth ratio of registrations of uses considered insignificant was proportionally higher than the current grants, at the state level and in most of the UGPRH, demonstrating a greater growth of this simplified water regularization modality, in relation to the granting process, in the three years analyzed. This is worrying, since the granting is seen as a key factor in ensuring the equitable and responsible right of use by its users ( Piazi et al. 2018).
The SF1 Hydrographic Basin presented in Table 3 a proportion similar to the state of Minas Gerais regarding the growth of regularization of water resources through registration to the detriment of granting, in the three-year period evaluated. Ratifying a greater demand for this more simplified form of environmental authorization.
In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the socioeconomic activities in the SF1 Hydrographic Basin, data were collected from the State Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Minas Gerais. These data were extracted from the study "Perfil do Agronegócio Mineiro", MINAS GERAIS (2023f), which offers a detailed analysis of agribusiness indicators in the region. In parallel, the results of a survey conducted by the João Pinheiro Foundation, covering the state of Minas Gerais, as well as the granting data provided by IDE-SISEMA, specifically related to the SF1 Hydrographic Basin, were considered. The data analysis seeks to verify factors that are similar in the 29 municipalities of the SF1 Hydrographic Basin, in relation to population, gross domestic product (GDP) and planting coverage, as shown in Table 4.
The results of the Shapiro- Wilk test indicate that for the normalized variables "Grants", "Population", "GDP per capita" and "Planting coverage", the p-values associated with the tests are all greater than 0.05 . This suggests that there is no statistically significant evidence to reject the hypothesis that these variables follow a normal distribution. The normality analysis indicates that the variables follow normal distributions, allowing more robust statistical approaches for correlation and prediction, revealing a significant increase in the number of concessions granted in the SF1 Hydrographic Basin between 2018 and 2022, increasing from 10,718 to 48,995, with the greatest growth between 2018 and 2020. This increase contrasts with the relative stability of the population, which varied slightly, and with fluctuations in GDP per capita, which peaked in 2021 (R$36,657), followed by a drop in 2022. Planting coverage , although initially increasing, also decreased in 2022. This scenario points to an intensification in the use of water resources, possibly linked to economic and agricultural pressure, but suggests challenges in management, especially in a context of fluctuations in GDP and decreasing agricultural coverage.
5 CONCLUSION
The analysis of data from the Upper São Francisco Tributaries Basin (SF1) shows a significant increase in the regularization of water resource use through registrations considered insignificant, to the detriment of grants. The implementation of Normative Deliberation CERHMG No. 76/22, which defined criteria for the regularization of groundwater abstractions and simplified uses, facilitated access to environmental regularization by users, but also intensified challenges related to the accuracy and verification of self-declared information.
The proportionally higher growth in registrations, when compared to grants, points to a trend towards simplification in the regularization process, but raises concerns regarding the integrated and equitable management of water resources. The lack of robust audits and validation of self-declared data in the registration system compromises the effectiveness of controlling non-consumptive and consumptive uses, generating possible risks to the water balance in the basin. Despite the increase in grants and registrations, the challenges related to inspection and monitoring remain as significant barriers to efficient and sustainable water management. The stability of the population and the fluctuations in GDP per capita and crop coverage suggest that economic and social factors play an important role in the water dynamics of SF1, but they still lack a solid statistical correlation, considering the discrepancy between these and the growing number of grants and registrations.
The results of this study highlight the importance of balancing administrative efficiency with water security. It is recommended that periodic audits be implemented in the registries and that monitoring technologies be adopted to improve the traceability and reliability of the data. In addition, it is essential to strengthen the role of water concessions as a water management tool in significant uses, ensuring that the simplification of registries does not compromise the control and preservation of water resources in SF1.
Finally, the analysis reflects the relevance of adjusting public policies to meet the growing demands and regional specificities of SF1, promoting more sustainable and equitable water management.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aims to critically investigate and analyze water resource management in the Watershed of the Tributaries of the Upper São Francisco River (SF1), in Minas Gerais, focusing on the granting processes and registrations of insignificant use. It seeks to understand the relationships between the growth of water grants and registrations and socioeconomic variables, such as GDP per capita, population, and land coverage for agriculture Theoretical Framework: The analysis is based on the principles of integrated water resource management and the guidelines of the National Water Resources Policy, considering technical, social, and environmental aspects. Previous studies emphasize the relevance of efficient monitoring and auditing systems in water resource management. Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes an exploratory and descriptive approach, with a documentary analysis of data extracted from IDE-SISEMA and a systematic literature review. The data covers the period from 2018 to 2022 and includes information on grants, registrations, and socioeconomic variables in the SF1 watershed. Results and Discussion: A significant increase in water grants was observed from 2018 onwards, accompanied by a higher proportion of insignificant use registrations. However, correlations between socioeconomic variables and the number of water grants did not show statistical significance. Water resource management in SF1 highlights challenges in balancing water demand and conservation efforts. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research highlight the need for more efficient audits and the inclusion of measurable data in registrations to enhance oversight and management of water resources, providing support for more effective public policies. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by evidencing unique patterns and challenges in water resource management in SF1, emphasizing the importance of more rigorous methodologies for the sustainable use of water resources.