Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the main environmental impacts present in the Engenheiro Sérgio Motta Hydroelectric Power Plant, located in the far west of the state of Sáo Paulo.
Theoretical Framework: The environmental impacts of hydroelectric power plants are widely known and discussed in the literature, but the texts are often exhaustive and difficult to understand, which prevents most of the population from understanding them.
Method: The methodology adopted for this study consists of assembling a Leopold Matrix, whose main characteristic is to summarize the environmental impacts and present them in the form of a table. In this way, understanding by the readers becomes simpler and more effective.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained show that the negative impacts are numerically greater than the positive impacts. Many of them occur directly, have a regional scope, are permanent, and of great magnitude. This leads to the question of the sustainability of energy sources labeled as clean.
Research Implications: This research is investigative and diagnostic in nature, and aims to discuss the sustainability of energy sources considered clean. After all, even though they are renewable, there is no energy conversion method that does not have environmental consequences, and in the case of hydroelectric plants, permanent and large-scale consequences.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature due to the method used and the presentation of the results, making them visually appealing, since pages of information are compiled in a single table, called the Leopold Matrix.
Keywords: Environmental Impacts, Hydroelectric Power Plant, Leopold Matrix, UHE Engenheiro Sérgio Motta.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar os principais impactos ambientais presentes na Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta, localizada no extremo oeste do estado de Sáo Paulo.
Referencial Teórico: Os impactos ambientais de usinas hidrelétricas são amplamente conhecidos e discutidos na literatura, porém, muitas vezes, os textos são exaustivos e de dificil compreensão, o que afasta o entendimento pela maioria da população.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta consiste na montagem de uma Matriz de Leopold, que tem como principal característica sintetizar os impactos ambientais apresentando-os na forma de uma tabela. Desta forma a compreensáo por parte dos leitores torna-se mais simples e eficaz.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que os impactos negativos, são, numericamente, superiores aos impactos positivos. Que muitos deles ocorrem de forma direta, têm uma abrangência regional, são permanentes, e de grande magnitude. O que remete ao questionamento quanto a sustentabilidade de fontes de energia rotuladas como limpas.
Implicações da Pesquisa: Esta pesquisa tem carácter investivagito, diagnóstico, e que pretende discutir quanto a sustentabilidade de fontes de energias consideradas limpas, afinal, mesmo sendo renovavel, ndo há método de conversão de energia que não traga consequências ambientais, e, no caso de hidrelétricas, de forma permanente e de grande magnitude.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura pelo método utilizado e na apresentagdo dos resultados, tornando-os de grande apelo visual, já que são compiladas páginas de informação em uma única tabela, denominada Matriz de Leopold.
Palavras-chave: Impactos Ambientais, Usina Hidrelétrica, Matriz de Leopold, UHE Engenheiro Sérgio Motta.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los principales impactos ambientales presentes en la Central Hidroeléctrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta, ubicada en el extremo oeste del estado de São Paulo.
Marco Teórico: Los impactos ambientales de las centrales hidroeléctricas son ampliamente conocidos y discutidos en la literatura, sin embargo, los textos suelen ser exhaustivos y de difícil comprensión, lo que impide la comprensión por parte de la mayoría de la población.
Método: La metodología adoptada para ello consiste en el montaje de una Matriz de Leopold, cuya principal característica es sintetizar los impactos ambientales presentándolos en forma de tabla. De esta manera la comprensión por parte de los lectores se vuelve más sencilla y efectiva.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los impactos negativos son, numéricamente, mayores que los impactos positivos. Que muchos de ellos ocurren de manera directa, tienen alcance regional, son permanentes y de gran magnitud. Lo que nos lleva a la cuestión de la sostenibilidad de las fuentes de energía etiquetadas como limpias.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Esta investigación es de carácter investigativo, de diagnóstico, y tiene como objetivo discutir la sostenibilidad de las fuentes de energía consideradas limpias. Después de todo, a pesar de ser renovables, no existe método de conversión de energía que no traiga consecuencias ambientales, y, en el caso de las centrales hidroeléctricas, de forma permanente y de gran magnitud.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura a través del método utilizado y la presentacion de los resultados, haciéndolos visualmente atractivos, ya que las paginas de informacion se compilan en una sola tabla, llamada Matriz de Leopold.
Palabras clave: Impactos ambientales, Central Hidroeléctrica, Matriz Leopold, UHE Engenheiro Sérgio Motta.
1 INTRODUCTION
The growing demand for energy in the world has been driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization and the use of technologies. The need for energy is a fundamental component of modern life, powering everything from personal devices to industries.
However, this demand has led to an increase in energy generation from fossil fuels, Which, in addition to being non-renewable and polluting sources, generate highly toxic contaminants for the air and water and take a long time to recover in the environment. They are also finite sources and subject to fluctuations in the international market, which contributes to economic vulnerability (Goldemberg; Lucon, 2007).
Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and others are seen as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. They offer cleaner and more sustainable energy production, although they are not completely free of impacts. Despite the growth in the use of renewable energy, they still face challenges and not all locations are suitable for all forms of renewable energy.
In the Brazilian context, the electricity matrix is predominantly composed of hydropower, which represents a significant percentage of the electricity generated in the country. Hydropower is a reliable source of energy in Brazil due to the abundance of water resources. However, hydropower generation also faces challenges, including significant environmental impacts and dependence on favorable weather conditions (Korzeniewicz et al., 2021).
The environmental impacts of these energy activities are profound and varied, affecting human health, biodiversity, climate and the quality of natural resources. The concept of environmental impact refers to the changes, effects or consequences that a given human activity can cause in the environment, such as affecting ecosystems, natural resources, biodiversity, air, water and soil quality, among others.
These impacts can be classified into different categories, such as: direct, with immediate and noticeable effects; indirect, resulting from direct impacts on a different temporal or spatial scale; positive, with beneficial effects; negative, associated with harmful effects; reversible, which cause environmental changes but are reversed over time with corrective measures; irreversible, which are permanent and cannot be completely corrected; local, which affect a limited area; regional, which affect a specific region; and global, which have a greater scope on a planetary scale (Sanchez, 2020).
Therefore, carrying out an environmental impact assessment becomes crucial to understand and mitigate these impacts and even study the feasibility of a given project. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a systematic and multidisciplinary process that identifies, evaluates and seeks to mitigate the environmental impacts of an activity, project or plan, before its implementation (Custodio et al., 2022).
It is an essential part of the planning of any energy project, whether it is based on fossil fuels or renewable energy sources. The tools used, such as the EIA (Environmental Impact Study) and the RIMA (Environmental Impact Report), are fundamental documents for environmental licensing. Another tool used for this assessment is the interaction matrix, such as the Leopold Matrix, which relates the project's actions to the elements of the environment and carries out a detailed assessment with classification of impacts (Zanatta, 2021).
In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the environmental impacts of the Engenheiro Sérgio Motta Hydroelectric Plant and present them using the Leopold Matrix methodology, as it is a visual way of presenting and compiling the results, thus making them easier for the population to understand.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 WORLD ENERGY DEMAND
It is known that since prehistoric times, man has developed the need to always obtain energy, whether for his body, such as the search for food, or for heat and fire to ward off the cold, predators and cook food. We also observe the development of techniques to make life easier and automatically the life of society, in this way human evolution is directly linked to technological evolution.
This first contact between man and the handling of fire was the beginning of the relationship for the processing of energy, which currently technology, handling, development of facilities for human well-being is something that we cannot imagine ourselves without. Technology is present in society in various ways, whether for work relationships, study, access to information, transportation, practically everything. It is used from the moment we wake up in the morning until we go to bed at night. And all this technology needs a fundamental element, energy (Santos, 2018 ; Paiva et al., 2018).
The use of energy in its most varied forms intensified during the Industrial Revolution due to the intensive use of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. Over the centuries after the Industrial Revolution, the unbridled use of oil and its derivatives began, with the use of such for industrial processes and as fuel for vehicles, generating a significant increase in the importance of fossil energy, and after the Second World War this gained space as the most used resource to generate energy in the world (Oliveira, Cajano; Junger, Paubel, 2020).
Fossil fuels are defined as natural resources used to produce energy through combustion. They are produced by the decomposition of organic material over thousands of years. The main fossil fuels are oil, natural gas, coal, and others. The problem is that they are non-renewable fuels that cannot be easily replaced on a human scale, and may therefore run out. Furthermore, they have negative impacts on the environment, such as the emission of polluting gases, greenhouse gases, soil degradation, and others. They are sources that must be replaced in the future.
In contrast, man has been developing renewable energy generation technologies, which are naturally replenished and inexhaustible energy sources in the short or medium term. Some of the main renewable sources currently available are solar energy (from the sun and converted into electrical energy, using photovoltaic panels), wind energy (from the movement of air, using wind turbines), biomass energy (obtained from organic materials, used for electricity or heating), hydroelectric energy (obtained from the movement of water, which we will study in more depth in the following topics), among others (Losekann; Hallack, 2018).
These energies are not free from environmental impacts, but when compared to nonrenewable energies, they undoubtedly have less impact and contribute to global sustainability, since even though the world has places more suitable for the use of each type of energy, developing renewable energy sources is the key to the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable energy matrix, not only for Brazil, but for the world (Farias et al., 2021).
2.2 ENERGY MATRIX
2.2.1 The global energy matrix
The global energy matrix comprises the energy sources used worldwide. This composition varies between countries and regions due to several factors such as resource availability, existing infrastructure and energy policies. According to the 2021 matrix, the energy sources that make up the global energy matrix are oil and derivatives, coal, biomass, natural gas, hydro, nuclear and others. The data can be seen in Figure 1.
An analysis of the data presented shows that the matrix is mostly formed by the use of oil and its derivatives, accounting for 29.5%; according to research, its use is in the transportation, electricity generation and heating sectors. The second most used is coal, accounting for 27.2%; its use plays a significant role in electricity generation in many countries, but environmental concerns mean that there is a need to reduce its use. In third place is natural gas, accounting for 23.6%, with uses applied to industries, electricity generation and heating. Finally, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh positions in the matrix are occupied respectively by biomass energy with 9.5%, nuclear energy with 5%, hydroelectric energy with 2.5%, and the last 2.7% by other generators.
It is worth noting that the specific proportions of sources in the energy matrix vary according to the region and have also undergone changes due to the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, targeting issues related to climate change.
2.2.2 The brazilian energy matrix
The Brazilian energy matrix is composed of the energy sources used in Brazil. This composition varies according to factors such as which is most used within the country. According to the 2022 matrix, the energies that make up the Brazilian energy matrix are oil and derivatives, coal, sugarcane derivatives, natural gas, hydraulic, nuclear, firewood and coal, and other renewable and non-renewable sources. The most used is oil and derivatives, followed by sugarcane derivatives. The conditions can be observed in Figure 2 (EPE, 2023).
Observing Figure 2, it is possible to see that the Brazilian energy matrix is more renewable than the world's. This is a very important characteristic, as it contributes to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Brazil consumes more energy from renewable sources than many other countries. If we divide the GHG emission value by the number of inhabitants in Brazil, we see that our country emits fewer polluting gases than most other countries. It is worth noting that with the growth of this aspect, the energy transition from a matrix with non-renewable energies to a matrix of renewable and sustainable energies becomes closer (Rego, 2024).
2.3 ELECTRICAL MATRIX
This is the matrix that refers to the composition of electricity generation sources in a given region or country, focusing specifically on electricity production. It may include sources such as hydroelectric, thermoelectric (coal, natural gas, oil), nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, among others. Its analysis is important to understand the diversification of electricity generation, environmental sustainability and the security of energy supply. A cleaner electricity matrix, with a greater share of renewable sources, is seen as a desirable objective to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.
2.3.1 The global electricity matrix
The global electricity matrix, also called the energy mix for electricity generation, refers to the different energy sources used in the production of electricity. Its composition can vary significantly throughout the world due to the availability of resources, policies, environmental and technological issues. As illustrated in Figure 3, it is possible to visualize the energies that make up the global electricity matrix (EPE, 2023).
The energy sources that make up the world's electricity matrix, starting from the most used to the least used, are: coal with 36%, natural gas with 23%, hydraulic with 15.5%, nuclear with 9.9%, wind representing 6.5%, photovoltaic solar representing 3.6%, oil and derivatives with 2.5% of the matrix, biomass with 2.2%, waste with 0.4%, geothermal with 0.3% of the matrix, solar thermal with 0.1% and tidal with 0.003%.
The global trend is to seek an increasingly sustainable electricity matrix, greater participation of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the environmental impacts associated with some energy sources.
2.3.2 The brazilian electricity matrix
The Brazilian electricity matrix is the composition of the energy generation sources used to produce electricity in Brazil. The country has a diversified electricity matrix, with a significant share of renewable sources. According to Figure 4, it is possible to see the energies that make up this matrix (EPE, 2023).
Our energy matrix is even more renewable than the energy matrix, the main reason for this is that a large part of the electricity generated in Brazil comes from hydroelectric plants. Wind energy is growing, contributing to our electricity matrix continuing to be mostly renewable.
The energy sources that are part of the Brazilian electricity matrix are, in first place, the most used, hydraulic with 61.9%, wind in second with 11.8%, natural gas in third with 6.1%, followed by sugarcane bagasse with 4.7%, solar 4.4%, black liquor with 2.5%, nuclear with 2.1%, net imports with 1.9%, other non-renewables with 1.8%, coal 1.9%, diesel oil 0.9% and other renewables with 0.8%.
This diversification of our energy matrix is the result of efforts to ensure energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote the use of renewable sources. As part of a sustainable development plan, the country has been trying to increase the participation of sources such as wind and solar energy.
2.4 HYDRAULIC ENERGY
This energy can be defined as that which is obtained from the kinetic and potential energy of water. It can also be converted in several ways. One of the conversions used is the conversion of the potential energy of water into mechanical energy, which, through water wheels and a paddle mechanism, turns a shaft, converting this energy from the difference in height into mechanical movements at the output of the process. The term water energy can also be applied with the same definition.
One of its uses is in the generation of electrical energy, in which it converts the potential energy of water into electricity, using electric generators. Hydroelectric plants are used in largescale projects. There are also smaller versions that are less harmful to the environment. These have a lower generation capacity and do not require large reservoirs to operate. These are called small hydroelectric plants, PCHs. Thus, it is a renewable energy obtained from the movement of water that contributes greatly to a more sustainable matrix (Mari Júnior et al., 2013).
The advantages of this type of energy are sustainability, low greenhouse gas emissions (when compared to fossil fuels) and the ability to provide energy in a constant and controlled manner. However, the construction of reservoirs can have significant environmental impacts, and the use of turbines in water currents can affect local aquatic ecosystems (Mari Junior et al., 2013).
In Brazil, electricity was truly established in the 1960s, with the creation of Eletrobras (Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras SA), which was established with the aim of implementing large hydroelectric projects. It delegated the execution of energy generation projects to some subsidiaries, initially limited to distribution according to the state plan.
In the 1970s, technological advances made it possible to install transmission lines over long distances, making it possible to use water resources in remote regions. In the 1990s, due to the privatization of the Brazilian electricity sector, the government began to encourage the formation of private consortia for the construction of planned plants (Queiroz et al., 2013).
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY LOCATION
The construction of the Engenheiro Sérgio Motta Hydroelectric Power Plant, known as UHE Porto Primavera, began in 1980 and was completed in April 1998, under the management of Companhia Energética de São Paulo. The UHE Porto Primavera has a 10,186.20 т dam, which covers a reservoir of 2,250 Кт?. It has an installed capacity of 1,540 megawatts, driven by 14 Kaplan turbines, operating at a height difference of 18.95 m and generating, on average, 900 megawatts. It is the object of study for the analysis of the environmental impacts it caused and evaluation of these using the Leopold Matrix.
3.2 LEOPOLD MATRIX
Environmental interaction matrices are tools whose objective is to assess the environmental impacts of a project in a more comprehensive and systematic way. It consists of a two-dimensional checklist, relating environmental aspects and impacts, allowing the identification of direct impacts, that is, changes that occur in the environment in direct contact with the transformative action (Sanchez, 2020).
It consists of matrix columns that represent the interactions between the project actions, while the rows represent the environmental impacts. Its results are evaluated considering criteria such as magnitude, importance and severity, classifying them as positive or negative. It has the advantage of being able to objectively identify the environmental impacts of a project, enabling more sustainable decision-making and the implementation of mitigating measures (Romanini et al., 2005; Amaral, Lucena and Reis, 2013; Sanchez, 2020).
3.2.1 Criteria used in classification
The way of classifying and constructing the Leopold matrix can be considered subjective, as it depends on the interpretation and perspective of the person performing it, and according to the knowledge and studies carried out, it presents a qualitative analysis. Where the criteria were:
* Type: Refers to the nature of the impact. It can be direct (when it occurs immediately and visibly) or indirect (when it results from complex interactions and can occur over a longer period).
* Category: Refers to the classification of the impact as positive (when the impact benefits the environment or community) or negative (when it is harmful, causing damage or degradation).
* Area of Coverage: Indicative of the geographic extent in which the impact is observed. It can be local (limited to a certain area), regional (affecting a larger region) or strategic (impacts that transcend geographic boundaries).
* Duration: Period in which the impact occurs. It can be temporary (characterized by a short period of time), cyclical (with repeated occurrences at regular intervals) or permanent (continuous and permanent impact).
* Reversibility: Indicates whether the impact analyzed can be reversed or mitigated by ending the transformative action of the project. Categorized as reversible (when it is possible to restore the previous state of the environment) or irreversible (when the impact is permanent and cannot be completely repaired).
* Magnitude: Represents the intensity or importance of the impact. With variations from weak (with a low level of influence) to strong (with a great impact on the environment or community).
* Term: Refers to the time required for the impact to be observed or for its consequences to manifest. It can be variable (with immediate or long-term effects), medium (effective in a transitory period) or long (lasting effects for a considerable time).
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Based on the studies and analyses carried out, impacts were detected in the construction and operation of the Porto Primavera plant in its area of coverage, the main ones being related to the installation and operation of the plant, as illustrated in Figure 5.
The compartments of the Leopold Matrix comprise environmental factors, which were separated into physical, which includes land, water and atmosphere ; biological, which includes fauna and flora; and cultural, which includes land use and cultural and social aspects.
Among the main impacts identified, there are:
Flooding of areas: direct impact, negative category, regional coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, presenting strong magnitude and long term.
Changes in river flow: direct, negative impact, regional coverage, permanent, irreversible, strong magnitude and long term.
Changes in water quality: A direct, negative, regional impact, of permanent duration 1f the necessary measures are not taken, being reversible with the appropriate mitigation measures, of medium magnitude and medium term.
Loss of natural habitats: A direct, negative, regional, permanent impact, reversible if new habitats are developed, of strong magnitude and long term.
Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna: Direct, negative, regional impact, of permanent duration if measures are not taken, reversible if mitigating measures are taken, of strong magnitude and long term.
Deforestation: Direct, negative impact, regional coverage, temporary duration, reversible if auxiliary measures are taken, strong magnitude and medium term.
Relocation of communities: Direct impact, negative category, strategic coverage area, permanent duration, reversible impact with communities being relocated to other housing, medium magnitude and long term.
Landscape modification: Direct, negative impact, regional in scope, permanent in duration, irreversible, of high magnitude and long term.
Erosion and silting: Direct impact, negative category, regional, permanent, irreversible, of high magnitude and long term.
Loss of archaeological sites: Classified as indirect, negative category, regional coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, low magnitude and long-term.
Change in the hydrological regime: A direct impact, negative category, strategic coverage area, permanent, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Effect on aquatic fauna: A direct, negative, regional, permanent, irreversible, strong magnitude and long-term impact.
Sediment alteration: A direct impact, in a negative category, with a regional coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Changes in landscape and land use: A direct impact, in the negative category, with a local scope, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Changes in the dynamics of groundwater: Direct impact, negative category, with a strategic coverage area, with permanent, irreversible duration, of strong magnitude and long term.
Impacts on air quality: A direct impact, in a negative category, with a local coverage area, cyclical duration, reversible, of low magnitude and long term.
Alteration of natural sedimentation processes: Direct impact, in a negative category, with a regional scope, permanent duration, irreversible, of medium magnitude and long term.
Risks of environmental accidents: Direct impact, in a negative category, with a regional scope, cyclical duration, irreversible, of medium magnitude depending on the type of environmental accident and long term.
Influence on birdlife: Indirect impact, in a negative category, with a regional coverage area, permanent, irreversible duration, of strong magnitude and long term.
Effect on ichthyofauna: An indirect impact, in a negative category, with a regional coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Renewable energy generating source: Direct impact, in a positive category, with a strategic coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Release of carbon dioxide: Direct impact, in a negative category, with a regional coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
Lower cost energy: Direct impact, in a positive category, with a strategic coverage area, cyclical duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and variable term depending on price fluctuations and conditions for energy generation.
Tourism promotion: Indirect impact, in a positive category, with a local coverage area, cyclical duration, reversible, of medium magnitude and variable term.
Study source for university students: Indirect impact, in a positive category, with a local coverage area, cyclical duration, reversible, of average magnitude and variable term.
Earthquakes: Direct impact, negative category, local coverage area, permanent duration, irreversible reversibility, presenting medium magnitude and long term.
Job creation: Indirect impact, in a positive category, with a local coverage area, cyclical duration, reversible, of strong magnitude and medium term.
Development promotion: Indirect impact, in a positive category, with a regional scope, permanent duration, irreversible, of strong magnitude and long term.
As proposals to mitigate the identified impacts, we have:
* Water quality control: Implementation of a continuous water quality control system in both the reservoir and the Parana River, aiming to identify potential impacts, such as the accumulation of nutrients and solid particles. Based on the information obtained, corrective actions can be taken to minimize water contamination.
* Management of migratory fish: Implementation of fish transposition systems, such as fish ladders or elevators, so that migratory species, such as dourado, pintado and others, can pass through and complete their reproductive cycles.
* Conservation of fauna and flora: Protect areas of native vegetation and habitats of endangered species within the affected areas. Including the creation of natural reserves, ecological corridors, implementation of management plans to preserve biodiversity.
* Erosion control: Implement measures to control erosion and silting on the river banks and in the reservoir, including planting suitable vegetation and containment works , minimizing sedimentation and soil loss.
* Water flow management: Adopt a natural river regime, adjusting the flow of water released due to impacts on the aquatic ecosystem and riparian areas. Promote seasonal flood simulations to renew the soil and maintain habitats.
* Recover degraded areas: Carry out reforestation, reintroduce native species and restore affected watercourses.
* Engagement with local communities: Promote the participation of local communities in decisions related to the plant. As well as support for sustainable social and economic projects that benefit the region. Provide clear information about the plant and events taking place there, including lectures and campaigns. Since misinformation can cause several problems, fear and concern among the population.
* Complementary renewable energy: Invest in renewable energy sources that complement hydroelectric power, such as solar, wind or solar thermal energy.
* Monitoring of aquatic species: Carry out monitoring of fish and aquatic organism populations, including the development of protection areas and the implementation of restocking programs.
It should be noted that these proposals are carried out by the company responsible for the plant, such as the fish ladder, the implementation of other renewable energy generating sources, maintenance of flora and fauna, among others. In 2023, an emergency action plan was made available for the plant in question, aiming to comply with the provisions of the National Dam Safety Policy (PNSB) (Auren, 2024).
5 CONCLUSION
It is notable that the construction and operation of hydroelectric plants is a cause of socio-environmental conflicts, therefore, it is important to carry out a feasibility study on projects like this. Man's need for energy is growing, as is the search for sustainability in the process of obtaining and using energy.
Within this assumption, it is important to consider that the construction of the plant in question generated, and generates, negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts, addressed and discussed within this work, but it also generated positive impacts, such as the supply of renewable electrical energy, and the search for sustainable development.
An extremely important point in this study is the management of these impacts and of such projects. Mitigating and compensatory measures are a way to minimize the negative effects, promoting sustainable practices is the alternative for cleaner energy production, fundamental for the preservation of the environment and the world.
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