Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: Analyze territorial conflicts through the framework of relationships between artisanal fishermen, shellfish gatherers, farmers, shrimp farmers and companies linked to tourism and oil exploration, in the municipality of Brejo Grande, state of Sergipe.
Method: This is a bibliographical survey, with an emphasis on articles published in periodicals over the last five years, in addition to a documentary survey with consultation in legal regulations. Conflicts were identified through semi-structured interviews with artisanal fisherwomen and shellfish gatherers, in addition to on-site visits.
Results and Discussion: The results demonstrated that relationships are maintained in the quilombola territory due to the internal dispute over natural resources between artisanal fishermen and shellfish gatherers. But, on the other hand, these social subjects are vulnerable to the negative effects of those who hold political and economic power regardless of whether they reside in the territory.
Research Implications: It is necessary to formulate and execute public policies aimed at conserving natural resources and enabling the equal right to enjoy natural resources.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by analyzing territorial conflicts between artisanal fishermen and women, shellfish gatherers, farmers, shrimp farmers and companies linked to tourism and oil exploration in the region of Brejo Grande, state of Sergipe.
Keywords: Conservation, Dispute, Space, Public policies, Natural resources.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar os conflitos territoriais mediante as tramas das relações entre os pescadores e pescadoras artesanais, marisqueiras, fazendeiros, carcinicltores e empresas ligadas ao turismo e a exploracáo de petróleo, no municipio de Brejo Grande, estado de Sergipe.
Método: Trata-se de um levantamento bilbliográfico, com énfase nos artigos publicados em periódicos no período dosúltimos cinco anos, além de levantamento documental com a consulta em regimentos legais. Os conflitos foram identificados mediante aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os e as pescadoras artesanais e marsiqueiras, além de visitas in loco.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados demonstraram que as relações são mantidas no território quilombola pela disputa interna dos recursos naturais entre pescadores artesanais e marisqueiras. Mas, por outro lado, esses sujeitos sociais estáo vulneráveis aos efeitos negativos dos que detém poder político e económico independente se reside no território.
Implicações da Pesquisa: E necessário que haja a formulação e execução de políticas públicas voltadas para a conservação dos recursos naturais e que possibilite o direito igualitário do usufruto dos recursos naturais.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao analisar os conflitos territoriais entre os pescadores e as pescadoras artesanais, as marisqueiras, os fazendeiros, os carcinicltores e as empresas ligadas ao turismo e a exploração de petróleo na região de Brejo Grande, estado de Sergipe.
Palavras-chave: Conservação, Disputa, Espaço, Políticas públicas, Recursos naturais.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Analizar los conflictos territoriales a través del marco de relaciones entre pescadores artesanales, mariscadores, agricultores, camaroneros y empresas vinculadas al turismo y la exploración petrolera, en el municipio de Brejo Grande, estado de Sergipe.
Método: Se trata de un levantamiento bibliográfico, con énfasis en los artículos publicados en revistas durante los últimos cinco años, además de un levantamiento documental con consulta en normas legales. Los conflictos se identificaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a pescadoras y mariscadoras artesanales, además de visitas in situ.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados demostraron que las relaciones se mantienen en el territorio quilombola debido a la disputa interna por los recursos naturales entre pescadores artesanales y mariscadores. Pero, por otro lado, estos sujetos sociales son vulnerables a los efectos negativos de quienes detentan el poder político y económico independientemente de que residan o no en el territorio.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Es necesario formular y ejecutar políticas públicas encaminadas a conservar los recursos naturales y posibilitar el igual derecho a disfrutar de los recursos naturales.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura analizando los conflictos territoriales entre pescadores artesanales, mariscadores, agricultores, camaroneros y empresas vinculadas al turismo y la exploración petrolera en la región de Brejo Grande, estado de Sergipe.
Palabras clave: Conservación, Disputa, Espacio, Políticas públicas, Recursos naturales.
1 INTRODUCTION
The disputes triggered in territories by different social subjects, as a way of developing their economic activities, have led to different attempts at appropriation and domination based on the use of natural resources found in certain spaces, especially in coastal areas where certain economic activities have grown alarmingly, causing environmental degradation of natural resources.
According to Silva et al. (2021), coastal spaces safeguard specific potentialities and, at the same time, different uses, which confer local advantages for traditional communities as they also have the power to favor the most diverse activities, in addition to promoting the economic, environmental, social and cultural dimensions.
In the analyses of Xavier and Ennes (2023), the social subjects that make up society and develop their activities in a given space are marked by different economic characteristics, which reveal the relational dynamics between those who are in this space. The evidence indicates that the territory is marked by constant disputes, appropriation and domination due to different interests, mainly by capital holders.
In this context of disputes, conflicts are announced and begin when what is desired by a group or social subject goes beyond adjacent territorial limits or even within the territory itself, altering the geographic space in which other social subjects develop their economic activities (artisanal fishing, shellfish gathering, mass tourism, shrimp farming, among others). In general terms, when the terminology conflict is used, it is associated with the issue of dispute over something and, therefore, constitutes the challenges faced by individuals.
Thus, in research carried out on caigaras and quilombolas in Bocaina by Lobato et al . (2023), it was identified that this region is marked by conflicts of an economic, political and institutional nature and that, therefore, different social subjects are involved with the aim, on the one hand, of dominating the territory (farmers, shrimp farmers , businessmen linked to mass tourism) and, on the other, of continuing their way of life (artisanal fishermen and shellfish gatherers).
The negative effects resulting from economic activities make it difficult for social subjects to reproduce, as they depend on natural resources for their survival. In turn, with the reduction of natural resources in the territory, disputes between social subjects in obtaining them intensify, given the dynamics configured in the territorial arrangement and, thus, the space is marked by conflicts. Thus, the territory assumes a dual role: one of dispute, but also of reproduction and survival.
Thus, the study in question sought to characterize the territorial plots in light of the conflicts involving members of quilombola communities in the Resina and Saramém communities, in Brejo Grande/SE.
2 METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted with artisanal fishermen and women and shellfish gatherers in the communities of Resina and Saramém, in Brejo Grande/SE. In keeping with the nature of the research, this, in turn, is of the applied type, since the knowledge produced tends to be applied as a way of promoting changes in relation to the realities of these social subjects. Regarding the objectives, the research is of the descriptive type, since there is a description of the phenomenon researched in relation to other studies and its multiple approaches in the most different areas of knowledge in which the traditional communities were researched, and a qualitative approach, since there was a description and analysis of the conflicts identified without the need for statistical information.
As methodological procedures, bibliographic and documentary surveys were carried out. The first was carried out in scientific journals with Qualis CAPES in the area of Environmental Sciences and related areas based on the descriptors natural resources, economic activities, dispute, participatory management and environmental conservation, in English and Portuguese, and the second in the legal regulations related to the protection of quilombola communities, such as Ordinance No. 234, of November 14, 2023.
For the purposes of this research, the inclusion criteria were scientific articles published in the last five years and the exclusion criteria were book chapters, Course Conclusion Work (TCC), theses and dissertations.
In the field research, primary data were obtained through data collection instruments with the application of semi-structured interviews with members of the quilombola communities. The semi-structured interviews with open and closed questions were applied to fishermen and shellfish gatherers in groups because the collectivity of these social subjects is a peculiar characteristic.
At the end of the application of the collection instruments used to obtain the primary data, the information was grouped for later analysis. The answers to the questions present in the semi-structured interviews with the members of the quilombola communities were presented in the text (reports of the interviewees), verifying and maintaining the originality of the speeches of these social subjects. For ethical purposes, the research was submitted to the Ethics Committee (CEP) and was approved, according to CAAE number 50787021.0.0000.5546.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The challenges identified in the territories of quilombola communities have been increasingly frequent due to the dynamics of economic activities and consequences that, in most cases, are negative depending on the different forms of interaction with the environment to the detriment of the economic activities developed by human beings, in order to achieve what was set as an objective.
Quilombola communities face a variety of challenges. These, in turn, are based on conflicts (Fishermen versus Fishermen, Quilombolas and Non-Quilombolas, Artisanal fishermen versus environmental agencies, Artisanal fishermen versus multinational oil exploration companies, fishermen versus association leadership) arising from the framework of activities developed by each social subject in the territory in which they are located, because the conflicts are associated with disputes established in the territory, affecting to a greater or lesser extent all the social subjects that make up the space or surrounding areas.
For Oliveira and Pizzoni (2021), conflicts are part of everyday relationships and are practically impossible not to happen, but they can be mitigated when it is possible to monitor the signs that point to their existence. Dispute relationships are complex and reflect the global problems of different social subjects seeking to carry out and expand their activities.
According to Souza and Melo (2023), even in the face of the cultural diversity that quilombola communities have, they can nevertheless cause internal conflicts among their members, whose coexistence of rights conquered by these social subjects must be protected through the interference of the Judiciary as a way of reestablishing normal coexistence internally. The space or territory is characterized by power relations that are established to the detriment of the desire for domination by some social subjects who differentiate themselves from the others by having political and economic power. This condition, therefore, confers an advantage to those who hold it, but it cannot be said that it is enough for them to emerge victorious.
Florit (2019) states that in the conflict what is at stake is the overlapping of territoriality of groups holding power in the territory of subordinate social groups, so that they cannot continue to reproduce themselves through socio-environmental relations. Thus, it is clear to state that the conflictual relationship is marked by dominant and dominated social subjects.
Conflicts are based on the perception of social subjects such as fishermen (artisanal, commercial, ornamental and subsistence), as well as farmers, shrimp farmers and businesspeople that the socio-environmental impacts arising from various activities can interfere in issues related to the use and appropriation of their territory or adjacent territories. However, the first category of social subjects acts through articulation in order to prevent these impacts or mitigate them through struggle and resistance ( Choueri ; Nascimento, 2019).
In the midst of their attempts to survive, social subjects face difficulties related to the socio-environmental impacts caused by mass tourism and shrimp farming activities. In this context, remaining in the Resina and Saramém communities represents a real challenge for those who need the natural resources available there and continue to exercise their extractive practices.
The Report on Socio-Environmental Conflicts and Human Rights Violations in Traditional Fishing Communities in Brazil highlights the conflict scenario in three communities, with emphasis on Resina, in Brejo Grande/SE. The conflicts are linked to the degradation and cruelty of economic projects that serve the interests of the State by offering legal and fiscal conditions for the installation of enterprises, putting the means of survival of quilombola communities at risk even when the conflicts occur internally among fishermen.
The territory that encompasses Resina and Saramém is marked by conflicts between the different interests of those involved, encompassing different social subjects, such as: artisanal fishermen, businesspeople, as well as institutional bodies responsible for monitoring and issuing licenses for shrimp farming.
Furthermore, the possible causes and consequences of the conflicts and the socioeconomic impacts resulting from the disputes identified in the quilombola territory are presented based on the level of relationship with their peers and individual interests ( Figure 1). These three aspects mentioned are different from each other and are justified by the dynamics of the conflict scenario and the social subjects involved.
In addition to the conflicts presented by the Report on Socio-environmental Conflicts and Human Rights Violations in Traditional Fishing Communities in Brazil and the table above, a new type of conflict was mentioned during the Fair of Traditional Knowledge and Flavors: Quilombola Culture and Arts, by a quilombola leader, triggered by a company called Exxon Mobil (Figure 2), which intended to drill the Brejo Grande soil to explore for oil.
However, it awakened in the community a feeling of threat to the quilombola territory and its entire history built with its descendants and peers and among artisanal fishermen and farmers.
Given the dispute over the quilombola territory by Exxon Mobil, the quilombola communities, together with the Forum of Traditional Peoples and Communities of Sergipe, drafted a letter of repudiation and a letter to the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA). In addition to these actions, the communities went to the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) and also had reports made as a way of denouncing the new conflict that was breaking out in the quilombola territory.
According to P1, it was possible to identify the main reason that contributed to Exxon Mobil leaving the quilombola territory. Thus, it follows that:
"Some comrades here in our territory believe that they left our territory because they did not find oil and, therefore, they left." Interview given on: 03/23/2022.
Conflicts between artisanal fishermen and farmers are related to the lack of demarcation of land for quilombola families and tend to intensify the escalation of this type of conflict. In the past, some members of these families sold their labor to farmers as a way of guaranteeing income, since, over time, natural resources were being reduced. However, even though social subjects provided services on farmers' properties, these were not viewed "favorably" by those in power.
Regarding the relationship between these families and farmers, P2 comments that:
"The farmers do not get along with us quilombolas because we demand our rights, especially in relation to land, which is why there is conflict here in the Resina community between the fishermen and them." Interview given on: 03/23/2022.
The dispute over land in Brejo Grande is historic. With the publication of Ordinance No. 234, of November 14, 2023, in the Official Gazette of the Union, the Federal Government recognized the quilombola lands of the territory of Brejão dos Negros, in Brejo Grande, as well as highlighted in art. 1 of this ordinance the recognition and declaration as the area of 8.5 hectares of land of the Remnant Community of Quilombo Brejáo dos Negros (Brazil, 2023). Of all the conflicts existing in Resina and Saramém , since the publication of this ordinance, the conflicts between artisanal fishermen and farmers tend to be intensified.
The text expressed in the regulations ensures ownership of the lands already occupied by the communities, with the threats to the communities coming from conflicts involving different social subjects (construction companies, shrimp farmers and farmers in the vicinity of the quilombola territory).
From this perspective, it is clear that land is seen by quilombola families as something inherent to their resistance and existence due to the feeling of belonging and the meaning that land presents to the detriment of the history of the quilombolas' struggle, in addition to the exercise of extractive practices to obtain natural resources.
Following the plots of the conflicts involving the quilombolas, a conflict with shrimp farmers can also be identified . Shrimp farming is an activity that has been spreading considerably in the quilombola territory, especially in areas where there are mangroves. To set up shrimp farms, shrimp farmers deforest the plant species that form the mangroves in an attempt to expel the communities that extract the natural resources found in this ecosystem. Based on P3's speech:
"Shrimp farming is a predatory activity. We don't stay silent when mangroves are cut down, and the community mobilizes to report them as a way to stop their actions. We can't even go near the nurseries." Interview given on: 03/23/2022.
Generally, the owners of the fish farms do not live in Brejo Grande. This is a factor that makes it difficult for them to get to know each other and the artisanal fishermen. In addition to deforestation, another mechanism used by shrimp farmers to maintain their fish farms is the use of toxic substances. The waste produced by this activity is dumped into the São Francisco River and the mangrove swamp, compromising the way of life of the quilombola communities, since the species found in these environments do not reach the growth stage and end up dying.
Although there are studies in which there were conflicts regarding the participation of women in fishing and who call themselves quilombolas, that is, as fisherwomen, this is not the case of the two communities studied. In the view of Antunes Neto, Silva and Amaral (2021), the central issue of this conflict is that fishing activities, in most cases, are subdivided between productive and reproductive tasks to the detriment of productive tasks focused on fishing and domestic tasks, respectively.
In turn, other types of conflicts were identified in the territory of the Resina quilombo and in Saramém . The conflicts between artisanal fishermen in Resina reside in the delimitation of a certain section of the Sáo Francisco River for use, generating dissatisfaction among their peers in the community.
The dissatisfaction of artisanal fishermen stems from the premise that although the territory is free , some "privatize" the common good for everyone to enjoy. The use is related to the extraction of natural resources and access by other fishermen is prohibited, having to move to another sector of this river course in order to obtain fish species.
According to some fishermen from Resina, some fishermen do not fish or lower their nets in front of others, so as not to cause confusion. There are reports that a fisherman was marking off a certain point in the river and another fisherman arrived at the last minute and lowered his net over his, and they ended up arguing . This type of situation happens frequently among fishermen from Resina. Therefore, it is clear that there is injustice on the part of certain fishermen who choose to mark off points in the Sáo Francisco River and prevent access to these points.
For Souza Filho and Mendes (2022), when situations that resemble this type of conflict are highlighted, the aspect of "respect" for other companions is not always taken into consideration, since individual relationships are decisive and prevail, in some cases, in the exploitation of natural resources, denying the rights of their peers.
The authors above also emphasize that the availability of natural resources is a factor that tends to intensify or diminish conflicts. According to this assertion, it means that if the natural resources identified in the space are abundant, the discussions are latent; on the other hand, if the quantity of these resources is scarce, the desire to obtain them by the social subjects increases and, thus, the intensification reaches greater proportions.
As Borges, Freitas and Melo (2021) point out, the most intense conflicts are related to inefficient inspections that characterize illegal practices and are related to inappropriate places for fishing based on the demarcation of fishing gear in the river course and, in addition, to internal disputes between artisanal fishermen who select a section of the river and demarcate it with one of their fishing gear.
Another consideration made by the authors above is that conflicts are intensified as social subjects limit a stretch of the river for fishing and call themselves "owners" and, therefore, these tend to have a greater magnitude in these areas with other artisanal fishermen from the community or even those who do not belong to the community.
For Souza Filho and Mendes (2022), lagoons are also the scene of conflicts. In this case, a family member places a kind of flag as a way of signaling that there is a fish farm in that location for a family and that natural resources are limited for the members of that family who call themselves owners. of the area, restricting access to other social subjects. The use of natural resources is characterized as private family property in which this use is a common good of the family, but not of the entire community residing in the space, since sharing is restricted to the family group that delimits the lagoons.
Although natural resources are available for use in nature, not all social subjects are always able to appropriate them, compromising the maintenance of their way of life and ending up satisfying a minority in terms of acquiring them and reducing the extractive practices of a larger number of artisanal fishermen. In the Resina community, artisanal fishermen are trying to recover old lagoon areas (Figure 3) for a specific purpose, namely: planting rice, raising fish or shrimp.
Over the years, rice cultivation has been losing ground due to the advance of seawater into lagoon areas. This change is justified by P4 as follows:
"Rice is our strong point here, but since we have no option with salt water, we can't keep the lagoons stagnant all this time, wait for winter every year to plant rice. The rice harvest lasts 4 to 5 months. We've already invested a lot, we took out a loan from the bank, we put the fishing season off to plant rice. So we can't let it sit idle." Interview given on 03/22/2022.
Faced with so much investment and in an attempt to take advantage of the lagoons in different seasons of the year, artisanal fishermen and rice farmers are seeking the release of licenses from the State Environmental Administration (ADEMA) to raise shrimp in the summer and rice in the winter. If the licenses are released, there is the possibility of raising fish or shrimp in the summer, since if the lagoons are not used for some type of breeding/cultivation, artisanal fishermen may lose the right to use the land due to disuse (March 2021). Currently, the lagoons are colonized by rice cultivation (May 2023).
Another activity that has raised concerns among artisanal fishermen and shellfish gatherers is the establishment of tourism developments in areas used for extractive activities, with the proposal to establish a resort on the banks of the São Francisco River. According to information released by the Osvaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) in the municipality of Brejo Grande, the issue of real estate speculation is centered on the establishment of a resort on the banks of the São Francisco River, which causes significant changes to the traditional regime regarding the use and occupation of space and the lack of land demarcation (Fiocruz, 2023).
Given the initiative to implement this type of enterprise, especially in natural areas used by quilombola communities to carry out their extractive practices, it ends up contributing to making the continuous social and economic reproduction practices of these communities unfeasible, due to the reduction of available natural resources due to the overlapping of activities in the territory.
Celestino, Alencar and Villela (2021) state that real estate speculation and tourism are considered the two main activities that are growing the most in the spaces where artisanal fishermen develop their extractive practices and, therefore, are responsible for the loss of identity, but when the younger age groups are considered, whose level of education and training they have, the exit from the activity occurs due to the recruitment of labor in industrial fishing or in activities related to tourism.
The internal conflicts between the association's leader and the artisanal fishermen of Resina were due to the fact that the former president was not following the path that had been planned in the past, that is, the actions were deviating from the context expected by the fishermen. According to the fishermen, the person in charge ended up losing focus on what is collective, using dictatorial speeches, such as "I'm in charge", "I'm here", "I'm the president" and so on, culminating in the loss of collective consensus.
Given this adopted stance, internal fights began to break out, creating a tense atmosphere. Thus, social subject P6 stated that:
"As fishermen, we decided that we couldn't continue. Other members joined in to reach a common denominator. The idea was not to remove the coordination, but to continue with the same people for collective purposes. The former president began to persecute some people because she didn't agree with the things that were happening. She even stated that if any farmer presented any document, she would sign it. We thought it was risky because when a person is representing the association, the document, when signed, has consequences for the community, and can be serious. Every decision made has a direct impact on the lives of fishermen, since it can either elevate the community or "diminish" the actions for the benefit of their partners in the activity." Interview given on: 03/26/2022.
Even with the dissatisfaction of a large number of fishermen, the community representative continued to make decisions that went against the interests of the collective and did not back down, to the point of banging on the table and pointing her finger at people. As the mood of dissatisfaction grew, the fishermen got together and decided that the best thing to do was to replace her with someone else, not because of her person, but because of the way she was acting.
4 CONCLUSION
This study characterized the territorial plots in light of the conflicts involving members of quilombola communities in the Resina and Saramém communities , in Brejo Grande/SE, concluding that the different forms of interaction of social subjects in nature cause negative effects on environments containing natural resources, constituting socio-environmental impacts.
In particular , in the quilombola territory studied, relations are established by social groups that hold and do not hold capital, and thus conflicts are configured both internally and externally to the territory. Internal conflicts are characterized by the dispute over natural resources at the mouth of the São Francisco River and in the mangrove areas. External conflicts are marked by the strength of capital in terms of the expansion of economic activities by social subjects external to the territory.
Internal conflicts occur between the fishermen themselves, both male and female, in the areas used for the extraction of natural resources, mainly in the Sáo Francisco River. On the other hand, external conflicts involve the insertion of capital into the quilombola territory by farmers, shrimp farmers and businessmen in the tourism sector who expand their activities, suppressing the areas that hold natural resources.
It is suggested that future studies develop and implement public policies aimed at supporting the resistance strategies of traditional communities. In this sense, it is pertinent to highlight the autonomy of artisanal fishermen, especially in the marketing of their products, in order to establish a relationship of equality within the fishing production chain.
References
REFERENCES
Antunes Neto, J. N.; Silva, R. O.; Amaral, $. C. $. (2021). Maré invisível e as mulheres na pesca artesanal: um estudo sobre o perfil laboral e a discriminação indireta na atividade pesqueira do Brasil. Campo-Territorio: Revista de Geografia Agraria, 16(43), р. 103-128.
Brasil. Portaria n 234, de 14 de novembro de 2023. Reconhece e declara como terras da Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombo Brejáo dos Negros, localizada no municipio de Brejo Grande, no estado de Sergipe. Brasília-DF, 2023.
Borges, C Freitas, R.R.; Melo, A. Y. 1. (2021). Vulnerabilidade e capacidade adaptativa de uma comunidade pesqueira pós-furacáo Catarina. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais, 12(5), p. 655-670.
Celestino, E. A.; Alencar, E. F.; Villela, L. E. (2021). Politicas de Desenvolvimento no Brasil е Impactos sobre a Pesca Artesanal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Novos Olhares Sociais, 4(2), p. 85-111.
Choueri, R. B.; Nascimento, E. P. (2019). O papel do licenciamento ambiental federal como ferramenta para gerir conflitos relacionados a biodiversidade aquatica e pesca: o caso da UHE Belo Monte. Revista Cadernos NAEA. 22(2), p. 143-163.
Fiocruz. Fundação Osvaldo Cruz. Mapa de conflitos: injustiça ambiental e saúde no Brasil.
Florit, L. F. (2019). Dos conflitos ambientais a ética socioambiental: um olhar a partir dos povos e comunidades tradicionais. Revista de Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 52(1), 261-283.
Lobato, L. V. C.; VAITSMAN, J.; DUARTE, N. S.; SOUSA, R. P. (2023). Caicaras e quilombolas da Bocaina: conflitos na implementação de direitos e sustentabilidade. Revista SER Social, Brasilia, 25(53), p. 341-362.
Oliveira, A. V.; Pizzoni, T. С. P. (2021). Gestão de conflitos e comunicação organizacional: um estudo empírico em instituições públicas de ensino. Cadernos de Gestão e Empreendedorismo, Rio de Janeiro, 9(2), p. 14-24.
Silva, C. C.; Moraes, M. A. S.; Silva, K. B.; Gorayeb, A. A. (2021). Compreensão do território através da cartografia social para identificação de conflitos socioambientais em comunidades tradicionais costeiras no Ceará, Brasil. Mares: Revista de Geografia e Etnociéncias, 3(2), p. 53-66.
Souza, W. A.; Melo, D. У. Grupos vulneráveis, minorias e vulnerabilidade: о acesso à justiça das populações tradicionais. Revista Direito UNIFACS - Debate Virtual. п. 280, р. 1-25, 2023.
Souza Filho, B.; Mendes, D. P. Pesca artesanal e regimes de uso comum dos recursos no Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. Revista Pós Ciências Sociais, São Luís, 19(3), р. 589608.
Xavier, C. S.; Ennes, C. S. B. (2023). Conflitos ambientais territoriais e produção cultural em comunidades tradicionais: um olhar sobre as arquiteturas vernaculas. Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social, 16(1), p. 145-170.
