Content area
Full Text
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent and widespread chronic non-communicable disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries. It can lead to complications such as cardiovascular disease, micro angiopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cognitive deficits, all of which can be managed by promoting retinal tissue regeneration.1 Traditional treatments like laser therapy, antiangiogenesis, vitrectomy, and steroid hormones have limitations due to their potential negative impacts. Consequently, the search for new, more effective phytotherapeutic substances has gained significant attention2. Diabetes also has a serious long-term side effect known as diabetic retinopathy. Nanotechnology has enhanced the accuracy and efficacy of retinal tissue regeneration,3 with innovations such as nano stents and conductive hydrogels being used for this purpose. Another serious and costly long-term complication of diabetes is diabetic foot, which often leads to trauma-free amputations.4 Stem cell transplants and nanomaterials have been utilized to promote angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers.5 The global population is approaching a diabetes pandemic, with the number of people living with diabetes expected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by 2030.6, 7
Approximately 10% of the global population is affected by diabetes mellitus (DM), posing a significant societal threat. This chronic metabolic disorder is characterized by hyperglycemia, which arises from inadequate insulin production, stress, obesity, gender, and lifestyle factors. Common phytoconstituents such as 13-docosenamide, quercetin, phytol, 1-hexadecanol, and 1-hexadecene exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which are essential for wound healing in both acute and chronic conditions. 8,9 Conventional medications for obesity are often limited due to availability and potential side effects. Thus, developing safe, effective, and accessible plant-derived treatments is crucial for maintaining health and preventing diseases.10,11 Recent years have seen a surge in research on plant biochemical and their potential pharmacological effects, with polyphenols being the primary bioactive compounds used to treat diabetes, cancer, and oxidative stress.12-14 The American Diabetes Association (ADA) conducted a study in 1997 to examine the outcomes of long-standing hyperglycemia, categorizing it into Type I, Type II, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diabetes can lead to complications in the kidneys, nerves, and heart.15,16 The World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated the use of medicinal plants for diabetes management, with approximately 800 plants being...