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Abstract
Aims
Women’s participation is steadily growing in medical schools, but they are still not sufficiently represented in cardiology, particularly in cardiology leadership positions. We present the contemporary distribution of women leaders in cardiology departments in the World Health Organization European region.
Methods and results
Between August and December 2020, we applied purposive sampling to collect data and analyse gender distribution of heads of cardiology department in university/third level hospitals in 23 countries: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the UK. Age, cardiology subspecialty, and number of scientific publications were recorded for a subgroup of cardiology leaders for whom data were available. A total of 849 cardiology departments were analysed. Women leaders were only 30% (254/849) and were younger than their men counterpart (♀ 52.2 ± 7.7 years old vs. ♂ 58.1 ± 7.6 years old, P = 0.00001). Most women leaders were non-interventional experts (♀ 82% vs. ♂ 46%, P < 0.00001) and had significantly fewer scientific publications than men {♀ 16 [interquartile range (IQR) 2–41] publications vs. ♂ 44 (IQR 9–175) publications, P < 0.00001}.
Conclusion
Across the World Health Organization European region, there is a significant gender disparity in cardiology leadership positions. Fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace is a priority to achieve the full potential and leverage the full talents of both women and men.
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1 Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, AORN Dei Colli—Monaldi Hospital, Via Leonardo Bianchi, snc, Naples 80131, Italy
2 Division for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kišpatićeva ul. 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, SW3 6NP, London, United Kingdom
3 Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Ave, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
4 Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
5 Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1, 30-705 Kraków, Poland; Harefield Hospital, Hill End Rd, Harefield, Uxbridge UB9 6JH, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
6 Department of Hospital Therapy No. 1, I.M., Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Ulitsa, 2, стр. 4, Moscow, Russia
7 University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
8 Cardiology Departement, Charles Nicolle Hospital Tunis, Faculté de Médecine, Tunis-El Manar University, Bd du 9 Avril 1938, Tunisia
9 University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128, Padua, Italy
10 Department of Cardiology, Medipol University hospital, TEM Avrupa Otoyolu Göztepe Çıkışı No:, D:1, 34214, İstanbul, Turkey
11 Ukrainian Children’s Cardiac Center, Clinic for Adults, Shuliavka, 02000, Kyiv, Ukraine; Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, 9, Dorohozhytska St, 04112, Kyiv, Ukraine
12 Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Palidoro-Rome, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiology, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
13 Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
14 Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio, 2, 80122, Naples, Italy
15 Cardiology Department, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Cd No:11, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
16 Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Italy
17 University Clinic of Cardiology, Мајка Тереза 17, Mother Teresa 17, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
18 Cardiology Department, Porto University Hospital Centre, Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
19 Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
20 First Cardiology Clinic, Hippokration Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 114 Vass Sofias Ave, 11527, Athens, Greece
21 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića starijeg 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
22 Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
23 ACHD Centre, Department of Cardiology and Angiology of Medical Faculty, Slovak Medical University and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01, Bratislava, Slovakia
24 New Clinic, Yusif Səfərov küçəsi, Baku, Azerbaijan
25 Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
26 Cardiology “B” Department, Ibn Sina Hospital Med V University, 62, Jbran Khalil Jbran Street, Souissi, Rabat, Morocco
27 School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, Banja Luka, 78000, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
28 University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
29 Medizinische Klinik I, Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35392, Gießen, Germany
30 Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiology, Hospital Clínic, C. de Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
31 Cardiology Department, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Dr, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, National Heart Institute, 5 Ibn Nafise Square, Mit Akaba, Agouza, Giza, Egypt
32 CNR—Regione Toscana, Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy