Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: This work presents the development of a web-based software capable of automating the sizing of photovoltaic microgeneration systems. It features intuitive interfaces and accessible language to enable users Without prior technical knowledge of photovoltaic projects to carry out this process, aiming for its implementation as an educational tool.
Theoretical Framework: This development was based on technical and practical knowledge of photovoltaic technology, as presented in specialized literature and related scientific publications. These sources form the technical framework, particularly regarding the mathematical models used and the foundation for its educational approach.
Method: The presented software was developed based on applied, qualitative, and bibliographic research, aiming at the didactic automation of photovoltaic system sizing. To achieve this, it was grounded in scientific, technical, and academic studies on photovoltaic system sizing and its computational implementation, validating its functionality through data obtained from experiments.
Results and Discussion: An initial version was developed to automate partial sizing, featuring intuitive and responsive interfaces to ensure proper usability on computers and smartphones. The application aims to present the sizing process progress in a didactic manner, catering to a broad audience and promoting the implementation of photovoltaic technology and its socio-environmental aspects.
Research Implications: With intuitive interfaces, illustrative visual elements, and a clear presentation of basic concepts and the progress of the sizing process, the developed software has the potential to be implemented as a didactic tool in the academic environment. Additionally, it contributes to enabling the implementation of residential photovoltaic systems, promoting distributed generation, which can meet the demand for electricity in a more sustainable way..
Originality/Value: Considering that most similar software currently available on the market requires in-depth technical knowledge of photovoltaic projects, the described software stands out as an innovative solution. In addition to automating the sizing process, it integrates the learning experience into its usability, making it accessible to both experienced professionals and users with less extensive knowledge.
Keywords: Didactic Approach, Photovoltaic Sizing, Interface, Microgeneration, System, Software.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um software baseado na web capaz de automatizar о dimensionamento de sistemas de microgeraçäo fotovoltaica, composto por interfaces intuitivas e com uma linguagem acessível como intuito de viabilizar a execução desse processo para usuários sem conhecimento técnico prévio acerca de projetos fotovoltaicos, vislumbrando sua implementacáo com recurso didático.
Referencial Teórico: Tal desenvolvimento fundamentou-se no conhecimento técnico e prático acerca da tecnologia fotovoltaica abordado na bibliografia especializada e em publicações científicos relacionados, as quais constituem o arcabouco técnico, principalmente no que tange os modelos matemáticos empregados e o embasamento para o desenvolvimento de seu caráter didático.
Método: O software apresentado foi desenvolvido com base na pesquisa aplicada, qualitativa e bibliográfica, visando a automação didática do dimensionamento fotovoltaico. Para isso, fundamentou-se em produções científicas, técnicas e académicas sobre o dimensionamento de sistemas fotovoltaicos e sua implementação computacional, validando seu funcionamento por meio dos dados obtidos em experimentos.
Resultados e Discussão: Foi desenvolvida uma versão inicial capaz de automatizar o dimensionamento parcial, com interfaces intuitivas e responsivas, possibilitando a usabilidade adequada em computadores e smartphones. A aplicação busca transmitir o progresso do processo de dimensionamento de forma didática, atendendo a um amplo público e promovendo a implementacáo da tecnologia fotovoltaica e seus aspectos socioambientais.
Implicações da Pesquisa: Com interfaces intuitivas, elementos visuais exemplificativos e uma transmissão clara dos conceitos básicos e do progresso do dimensionamento, o software desenvolvido tem potencial para ser implementado como ferramenta didática no ambiente académico. Além disso, ele contribui para a viabilização da implementação de sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciais, promovendo a geração distribuída, a qual pode suprir a demanda por energia elétrica de maneira mais sustentável.
Originalidade/Valor: Considerando que a maioria dos softwares semelhantes disponíveis atualmente no mercado requerem conhecimento técnico aprofundado sobre projetos fotovoltaicos, o software descrito apresenta caráter inovador por, além de automatizar o processo de dimensionamento, proporcionar a experiencia do aprendizado integrado a propria usabilidade, atendendo a uma maior variedade de usuários.
Palavras-chave: Abordagem Didática, Dimensionamento Fotovoltaico, Interface, Microgeraçäo, Sistema, Software.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El presente trabajo presenta el desarrollo de un software basado en la web, capaz de automatizar el dimensionamiento de sistemas de microgeneración fotovoltaica. Está compuesto por interfaces intuitivas y un lenguaje accesible, con el objetivo de facilitar la ejecución de este proceso para usuarios sin conocimientos técnicos previos sobre proyectos fotovoltaicos, con miras a su implementación como recurso didáctico.
Marco Teórico: Tal desarrollo se fundamentó en el conocimiento técnico y práctico sobre la tecnología fotovoltaica abordado en la bibliografía especializada y en publicaciones científicas relacionadas, las cuales constituyen el marco técnico, especialmente en lo que respecta a los modelos matemáticos utilizados y la base para el desarrollo de su enfoque didáctico.
Método: El software presentado fue desarrollado con base en la investigación aplicada, cualitativa y bibliográfica, con el objetivo de automatizar didácticamente el dimensionamiento fotovoltaico. Para ello, se fundamentó en producciones científicas, técnicas y académicas sobre el dimensionamiento de sistemas fotovoltaicos y su implementación computacional, validando su funcionamiento a través de los datos obtenidos en experimentos.
Resultados y Discusión: Se desarrolló una versión inicial capaz de automatizar el dimensionamiento parcial, con interfaces intuitivas y responsivas, permitiendo una usabilidad adecuada en computadoras y teléfonos inteligentes. La aplicación busca transmitir el progreso del proceso de dimensionamiento de manera didáctica, atendiendo a un amplio público y promoviendo la implementación de la tecnología fotovoltaica y sus aspectos socioambientales.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Con interfaces intuitivas, elementos visuales ilustrativos y una transmisión clara de los conceptos básicos y del progreso del dimensionamiento, el software desarrollado tiene el potencial de ser implementado como una herramienta didáctica en el ámbito académico. Además, contribuye a viabilizar la implementación de sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciales, promoviendo la generación distribuída, la cual puede satisfacer la demanda de energía eléctrica de una manera más sostenible.
Originalidad/Valor: Considerando que la mayoría de los software similares disponibles actualmente en el mercado requieren un conocimiento técnico profundo sobre proyectos fotovoltaicos, el software descrito presenta un carácter innovador, ya que, además de automatizar el proceso de dimensionamiento, ofrece una experiencia de aprendizaje integrada a su propia usabilidad, atendiendo tanto a profesionales experimentados como a usuarios con conocimientos menos amplios.
Palabras clave: Enfoque Didáctico, Dimensionamiento Fotovoltaico, Interfaz, Microgeneración, Sistema, Software.
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)
1 INTRODUCTION
The implementation of technologies capable of enabling the exploitation of renewable energy sources to generate energy useful to human society is a determining factor for its development in a sustainable manner, in order to meet energy demand and mitigate environmental impacts ( Ike et al. , 2020). Thus, the need to generate useful energy through renewable sources 1s intrinsically related to environmental quality (Melo, Rodrigues, Souza; 2019).
In this sense, photovoltaic technology is a versatile alternative for harnessing solar energy to generate electricity, and can be integrated into homes in the form of photovoltaic systems ( PVS ). The implementation of this technology allows for decentralized energy generation, converting homes into individual generators connected to a common electrical grid, characterizing distributed generation ( Costanzo et al. , 2018).
This generation model is a socioeconomically viable alternative, as these small or medium-sized generators generate electricity individually and inject the surplus into the grid, fostering the free market for electricity and reducing the need for centralized generation hubs and extensive transmission lines ( Zhao et al ., 2017).
As a result, residential PVSs connected to the grid ( on -grid systems ) have become popular in urban environments, making the dissemination of knowledge about the operation and design of PVSs even more relevant. Among such systems are microgeneration systems , Which are installed in places with lower electricity consumption ( Villalva , 2020).
In this context, current computational technologies enable the development of solutions that make the implementation of photovoltaic technology viable and enable the dissemination of knowledge about this technology to users who do not have technical knowledge about PVS development , especially the stage related to sizing, which consists of determining the specifications and quantities of the components that make up the system, and can be automated through software ( Kalogirou , 2017).
Regarding the main software available on the market, according to Mahmoud ег al . (2024), most require prior technical knowledge about photovoltaic projects. Therefore, they may not be accessible to users who do not have prior knowledge about photovoltaic projects, as they do not include teaching resources to enable usability for this audience. According to Lima Verde (2019), the term "didactics" involves a set of methods, techniques and resources used to facilitate learning.
Therefore, this work presents a web- based software to automate the sizing of photovoltaic microgeneration systems , in a didactic way, aiming to make it accessible to a wider group of users, in relation to usability and acquisition, assisting users without technical training, providing them with means to understand the sizing process.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Scopus database , a bibliographic search was carried out on computational solutions for sizing photovoltaic systems, using specific descriptors and Boolean operators as follows: sizing AND photovoltaic AND ( developed OR development ) AND software OR ( tool AND computational ). The research sought articles (2015-2025) on computational means/systems for photovoltaic sizing, resulting in 81 studies on the development and implementation of these systems.
Sizing is necessary to obtain the data needed to develop PVSs , optimizing the implementation of photovoltaic technology for effective and efficient energy generation ( Kalogirou , 2017; Villalva , 2020; Mahmoud et al ., 2024). According to Kaleshwarwar and Bahadure (2023), inadequate sizing can increase costs or result in insufficient electricity generation for demand.
The increasing implementation of residential PVS's makes it pertinent to explore current computing technologies for the development of software that optimizes them ( Milosavljevié et al. , 2022). Thus, research that addresses the optimization of the implementation of photovoltaic technology through the automated application of mathematical models for the development of PVS's becomes relevant . ( Imagine et al. , 2020).
The integration of scientific concepts, practical criteria, technical parameters and geographic data enables the development of algorithms that automate the execution of mathematical calculations that determine the technical specifications and quantities of the components of a РУЗ ( Costanzo et al ., 2018; Mahmoud et al. , 2024).
Therefore, according to the Milosavljevié et al. (2022), several digital solutions were developed specialized in the development of PVS's , allowing the automation of the sizing of PVS's efficiently and encouraging the implementation of photovoltaic technology ( Kaleshwarwar & Bahadure , 2023; Monteiro Dias et al ., 2024).
The correct sizing of PYS's optimizes the implementation of photovoltaic technology. According to Kaleshwarwar and Bahadure (2023), when proposing the development of software to size PVS's , it is necessary to verify the origin of the execution of the implemented mathematical criteria and procedures, ratifying the accuracy and credibility of the results, depending on the types of PVS's covered by the software .
Through them, based on the aforementioned authors, from information on energy consumption, equipment, type of connection to the electrical grid and local factors, the software determines the main properties of PVS's on -grid , such as microgeneration , with a maximum installed power of 75 kW and composed of photovoltaic modules connected to frequency inverters, in addition to protection devices ( Villalva , 2020; ANNEL, 2023 ).
The sizing of a photovoltaic microgeneration system can be divided into partial sizing and sizing of conductors and protection devices (Alves, 2022). Partial sizing includes determining the main specifications of the system, selecting the inverter and, depending on the type of inverter, configuring the set of modules; while the last two steps consider the electrical characteristics to specify the other components of the system ( Villalva , 2020; Alves, 2022).
Jadin et al. (2015) emphasize that, when developing software to size PVSs , it is essential to consider specificities of the system installation site, such as the daily hours of full sunlight, in order to assist in determining the quantity of photovoltaic modules to generate the average amount of electrical energy required per day. Such data are obtained based on the geographic coordinates of the site, which influence the inclination and orientation of these modules ( Лайт et al. 2015; Adesina et al. , 2021).
Furthermore, the graphical user interface ( GUI ) is a fundamental element, enabling user interaction with the software through visual and interactive resources that allow the execution of actions in the digital environment ( Noor et al. , 2018). The arrangement of the graphic elements enables an intuitive and didactic interface that guides the user during the use of the software , so that the GUI not only allows usability, but also promotes learning and understanding regarding the dimensioning of PY'S's ( Noor et al ., 2018).
Based on Mahmoud et al. (2024), Monteiro et al. (2024) and Cioci et al. (2021) , by enabling learning integrated into its usability, the software transcends the main purpose of scaling PVS's , and can also be implemented as a teaching resource. The development of more accessible and educational digital solutions is highly relevant, since conventional solutions on the market can be complex in terms of usability, being restricted to users with prior technical knowledge (Cabral ef al. , 2021).
Regarding the most common software for dimensioning PVSs , criteria (Table 1) related to usability and acquisition were analyzed, in order to verify how accessible or not they are for the described public (Table 2). To determine the sofiware to be analyzed, the works of Kaleshwarwar and Bahadure (2023) and Alagam were mainly verified. et al. (2024), which analyze those that are the most common.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that most do not perform complete sizing. Although some present didactic approaches and intuitive interfaces, the requirement of prior technical knowledge and the excess of technical information in the interfaces make usability difficult for users without a technical background.
The project is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030 Agenda (UN Brazil, c2024), especially SDGs 4, 7, 9 and 11. SDG 4 relates to the didactic nature of the product, relative to its implementation as an educational tool. SDGs 7, 9 and 11 are covered by the development of a technological product with an educational focus in the field of renewable energy, promoting the implementation of photovoltaic technology and its integration into the electrical grid.
Furthermore, in the context of SDG 7, the proposal presents an innovative character and is aligned with the objective of enabling the computational implementation of PVS sizing for a wider audience compared to the conventional applications already mentioned.
3 METHODOLOGY
This research, according to Gil (2002), can be classified as applied, qualitative and quantitative and bibliographic, since it aims to develop software to automate the photovoltaic sizing process in a didactic way, based on scientific and technical productions about the sizing of PYS's and their computational implementation, using the amount of data obtained with the tests to validate the functioning of the software . Table 3 below presents the steps related to the development of the research.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section presents the software developed, which operates following a logical sequence, where primary data is requested and applied to mathematical models. The current version performs partial dimensioning of photovoltaic microgeneration systems , including a GUI designed to make it accessible to users without technical knowledge. The flowchart relating to the logical sequence is presented in Figure 1 below.
Based on the criteria mentioned above for the analysis of other software , the criteria that enable usability and acquisition for the described public were considered, offering differences in relation to the others.
Initially, based on Villalva (2020), Alves (2022) and Mahmoud ег al . (2024), the software requests the average Monthly Consumption (MC) to determine the amount of energy that the system should generate. If the user does not know the value of MC, the software determines this value by dividing the sum of the annual consumption by the number of months, as described in Formula 1 below, where m;represents consumption for a given month ( ...)
... (1)
By being connected to the concessionatre's electricity grid, the customer must pay the grid a monthly amount corresponding to a minimum amount of Available Energy (ED) depending on the type of connection to the grid, being 30 kWh for single-phase connection, 50 kWh for two-phase and 100 kWh for three-phase (ANEEL, 2021). Subtracting the DM value from the CM value (Formula 2) results in the Required Energy (EN) that the system must actually produce, based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022).
... (2)
The software considers the incidence of solar radiation on the surface, which, according to Villalva (2020 and Alves (2022), impacts the amount of energy generated daily by photovoltaic modules. Therefore, the average daily solar irradiance, measured in Wh/m2/day, is divided by the standard irradiance of 1000 W/m2 to determine the Full Solar Incidence Time (PIT) throughout the day.
Through Formula 3 below, the TISP value is applied to determine the power that the set of photovoltaic modules must have (PN - Required Power) to generate the average amount of Daily Required Energy (END), considering the РУЗ Yield (К), as several factors impact its efficiency, increasing the required power as the yield percentage is reduced, ( Villalva , 2020; Alves, 2020; Mahmoud et al ., 2024). In the current version, a yield of 80% was defined for executing the calculations.
Using Formula 4, the PN value is divided by the power (p) of the photovoltaic module to determine the Quantity of Modules (QM), which is adjusted to the next integer value if the originally determined value is not an integer.
... (3)
... (4)
With the QM value, the software determines the Total Power (PT) installed in the system, using Formula 5 below. The PT value is used to assist in determining the Inverter Power (PD, which must be between 75% and 130% of the PT value, based on Villava (2020) and the mathematical procedures presented by Alves (2022), the PI value must be between 75% and 130% of the PT value, as represented in Formula 6.
... (5)
... (6)
Furthermore, the software determines the Required Area (NA) for installing the modules, as well as their inclination and orientation, based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022). Initially, the area of a photovoltaic module ( Amódulo) 18 determined using Formula 7. The module area is multiplied by QM to determine the minimum required area ( Amínima) Using Formula 8. Finally, using Formula 9, this value is adjusted based on a spacing factor (f) to determine the NA value, with f= 0.08 being adopted.
... (7)
... (8)
... (9)
The value of f mentioned in Equation 9 is used to increase a percentage of the minimum area to its original value, resulting in the necessary area considering a possible spacing between the modules, with f being able to vary between 0.05 and 0.10, based on Alves (2022).
The software determines the inclination and orientation of the photovoltaic modules, based on the geographic coordinates of the location where the system is to be installed. Regarding the inclination (i) of the modules, it is determined based on the latitude (I) of the location, using Formula 10 presented below. Regarding the orientation, aiming at greater productivity, the modules must be oriented towards the opposite hemisphere, that is, if they are installed in the southern hemisphere, their surfaces must be oriented towards the north.
... (10)
Regarding the GUI , the software requests each piece of data individually, dedicating the entire interface to information and requests for a single type of data at a time. Therefore, the user needs to fill in the data in question in order to move on to the next one.
In software that covers regulations and requests specific data, limiting the actions that can be performed on each screen reduces the cognitive overload resulting from excess information, minimizing the occurrence of errors on the part of the user. Since each screen requests only one piece of information, its components are enlarged and arranged in the interface to optimize visibility and layout , resulting in an elaborate and responsive interface that adapts its dimensions to the device screen, as shown in Figures 2 and 3 below.
The figures above show the initial dimensioning interface, related to the CM value. When clicking on the "I have a question" button, information is displayed on how to obtain the requested data (Figure 3). The "enter monthly values" button directs you to a new interface (Figure 4), for entering the energy consumption history of the last 12 months, based on the electricity bill, with an example of a bill being displayed (Figure 5). After filling in all the fields, the CM value is determined using the "Calculate and close" button.
In addition to the main screens, such as the one shown in Figure 2, secondary screens were developed to present additional information to assist the user, such as those shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5. When clicking the "I have a question" button on the main screens, the software displays relevant information about the data in question. As well as the visual example shown in Figure 5, other examples are also made available to assist in obtaining other requested data.
After entering all the initial data, the software displays the interface shown in Figure 6 below, where the user is informed that the initial data has been entered, and the user must proceed to the step related to determining the conditions for selecting the inverter, informing him/her about the progress of the photovoltaic sizing.
Based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022), to determine other guidelines for choosing the inverter, the values referring to the module's open circuit voltage ( Мос), the module voltage at the maximum power point ( Vyppr) and the current at the maximum power point ( Iyppr) are requested.
For sizing, the software considers two types of inverters: the string inverter and the microinverter . The choice of type is based on the values of QM and PT, based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022). Therefore, if the installed power is not greater than 4 kWp and the system has up to four photovoltaic modules, the integration of the microinverter is determined; in any other case, the integration of the string inverter is determined . Unlike the microinverter , the string inverter allows the connection of sets of modules at each MPPT input .
If the implementation of the string inverter is determined , the value of Vocis multiplied by the value of QM to determine the minimum voltage ( VMinima) that the inverter must support at its input. Regarding the value of VMPPT, this data is multiplied by QM to determine the voltage that the inverter must receive during system operation ( VEntrada), helping in the selection of the useful operating voltage range of the inverter at the maximum power point ( VMPPTInversor), Where VEntrada lt must be between its extremes (Formula 11).
... (11)
Considering that, in the microinverter , the photovoltaic modules are connected individually to their inputs, the software considers, respectively, only the values of Voc and VMPPTof the module to determine, respectively, the values of VMinima and VEntrada. Regarding the value of IMPPT, it is used to determine the minimum electric current that the inverter must support. Figure 7 below shows the screen interface that is displayed to the user after entering the values of Voc, VMPPTand ImppT-
Next, some technical specifications of the inverter are requested to verify that it complies with the guidelines, as well as, if necessary, to size the strings , based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022). The requested specifications are: power, maximum supported voltage, the extremes of the operating voltage range, minimum operating voltage and maximum current supported by the inverter. For each one, the software checks whether the value informed is consistent with the guidelines. If the implementation of the microinverter is determined , after entering the mentioned data, the partial sizing is completed.
However, based on Villalva (2020) and Alves (2022), considering the implementation of the string inverter , the software will request the number of MPPTS of the equipment to assist in the dimensioning of the set of modules. Thus, the minimum ( QTDMínMódulos/string) and maximum number of modules (QTDMáxModulos/string) Per string are determined , which are sets of photovoltaic modules connected in series, with the value ofQTDMáxModulos/string equal to that of OTDMódulos.
Regarding the value referring to QTDMinMódulos/string, it is determined by dividing the minimum voltage for inverter operation ( Vpartidainversor) by QM (Formula 12), determining the minimum composition of the string to result in the minimum voltage required to activate the inverter.
... (12)
With the quantities referring to the composition of the strings , based on the aforementioned authors, it is also relevant to determine the number of strings in parallel (Formula 13), being a data determined by dividing the maximum supported current ( IMáxInversor) by the module current ( IMPPT) , also considering the quantity MPPT's (QMPPT).
... (13)
Finally, at the end of the partial dimensioning, the interface shown in Figure 8 below is displayed, where the user can generate a summary report about the submitted data and the results obtained.
5 CONCLUSION
The sofiware developed 1s capable of automating partial sizing, with means to enable its usability for the described audience. However, the intention is to continually improve the software presented, aiming to integrate the execution of the other steps related to the sizing of photovoltaic microgeneration systems , aiming at complete sizing, as well as to improve the structure of the summary report it provides.
Furthermore, with continuous improvement, we intend to make it as accessible as possible, always highlighting its educational nature. However, regarding the desired objectives, analyzing the current performance of the software , it is undoubtedly affirmed that it presents the elements idealized to promote learning about photovoltaic technology.
Finally, the software described aims to contribute to a theme that has strong relevance in the current socioeconomic and socio-environmental context, regarding the development of technological solutions to enable new educational approaches and the dissemination of environmental education regarding the implementation of means for the sustainable generation of useful energy in urban areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for granting the scholarship to the master's student who developed the product described. Furthermore, the authors would also like to thank the Pro-Rector of Research, Graduate Studies and Innovation of IFRN for the financial support for the publication of this article.
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