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A right interpretation of Gaudium et Spes 22 is the foundational anthropological insight which not only unlocks the achievement of the Second Vatican Council and its reception, but also crucial for understanding certain debates in twentieth-century theology related to the Council. Chapter One argues that the work of Henri de Lubac was a significant influence on the Second Vatican Council, and in particular on Gaudium et Spes. Because Gaudium et Spes 22 presents a Christological universalism tied to grace working in an unseen way in every man, Edward Schillebeeckx, Marie-Dominique Chenu, and Karl Rahner after the Council in their own ways argue that the world is already implicitly (or anonymously) Christian, and the Church simply makes this fact explicit. Chapter Two outlines the implicit or anonymous Christianity thesis of Schillebeeckx, Chenu, and Rahner and how it differs from Henri de Lubac’s understanding of Gaudium et Spes 22. The task of Chapter Three, moving on from the positions of Schillebeeckx, Chenu, and Rahner, is to determine how we ought to understand the relationship between nature and grace in order to properly draw out the full meaning and implications of Gaudium et Spes 22. While the document does not canonize one opinion, de Lubac’s or the Thomist one, we can still explore which opinion allows us to best understand the text. The goal of Chapter Four is to recover the presuppositions upon which the Christological claim of Gaudium et Spes is predicated — the natural law and the natural image of God in man. It explores the relationship between the anthropology and Christology offered by Gaudium et Spes. Chapter Five is devoted to John Paul II and his interpretation and use of Gaudium et Spes 22.