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This study provides a scientometric assessment of Indian scientists' contributions to probiotic research using data from the Web of Science database. Probiotics, the living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when consumed, have gained global recognition, with India contributing 5.33% of the research output in this field. The study examines key indicators, including publication growth, authorship patterns, collaboration networks, citation metrics, leading institutions, prolific authors, high-impact journals, and the impact of Indian research from 2000 to 2023. Findings reveal a steady increase in publications, along with rising international collaborations, particularly with the United States, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea. Indian researchers have made significant contributions in probiotic applications related to gut health, immunomodulation, and fermented foods, with publications in leading journals such as Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, LWT—Food Science and Technology, Journal of Food Science and Technology, and Frontiers in Microbiology. The study highlights the crucial role of probiotic research in improving public health, which contributes to societal well-being and economic productivity. By identifying key trends and advancements, it offers insights that can guide future innovations, particularly in environmentally sustainable practices such as reducing antibiotic dependency and promoting natural health solutions. However, a key limitation is its reliance solely on indexed publications in the Web of Science database, potentially excluding relevant contributions from other sources. Overall, this scientometric analysis underscores the broader impact of probiotic research across healthcare, industry, food, agriculture, and policymaking, emphasizing its significance in shaping future scientific and practical advancements.
Introduction
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate amount [1]. They improve resistance against infectious diseases by regulating gut eubiosis, suppressing pathogenic bacteria, and enhancing the natural defense system of host [2, 3–4]. Probiotics provide protection against virulent pathogens through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, extracellular polymeric substances, bacteriocins, siderophores, enzymes and antimicrobial peptides [5]. They are also able to provide protection against deadliest viruses [6]. The antimicrobial compounds they produce in the host gut act as a robust barrier against pathogen growth. Lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and volatile fatty acids play a role in regulating intestinal pH and contribute positively to the host's health [7]. Furthermore, they have the potential to enhance the immune responses of the host [8, 9]. Probiotics provide a sustainable alternative to traditional antimicrobial compounds and chemotherapeutic agents, alleviating concerns related to antibiotic resistance and the potential adverse impacts on food safety and human health [10].
A probiotic must maintain viability without genetic alteration during extended storage and under field conditions [11]. Its capacity to withstand bile and acids is essential for colonizing the digestive tract of the host. Additionally, probiotics need high cell-surface hydrophobicity to adhere effectively to the intestinal wall [12]. It is also essential that probiotics are specific to their intended target and capable of reaching the desired location within the host [13]. Probiotics must be non-pathogenic, non-toxic to the host, and free from virulent or antibiotic-resistant genes [14]. The most crucial prerequisites of a putative probiotic include sensitivity to antibiotics, hydrophobic cell surfaces, tolerance to bile salts, cholesterol-lowering ability and the ability to break down bile salts [9, 15]. Probiotic often posses genetic markers including bsh (bile salt hydrolase), uvr (UV resistance), and slpA (S-layer protein A), aggregation promoting factors (e.g., Apf), FbpA proteins, or adh genes to effectively colonize the host and produce immune-modulatory substances [16, 17]. These characteristics collectively ensure the optimal efficacy of probiotic applications, supporting their role in promoting health and well-being.
Lactobacillus plantarum strains play a significant role in food processing due to their ability to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA), into bioactive metabolites. Aziz et al. [18] examined the ability of L. plantarum 13–3 to transform LA in media supplemented with 1 to 10% LA. GC–MS analysis identified five fatty acid metabolites: (Z)-Ethyl heptadec-9-enoate, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), methyl ester, Octadec-9-enoic acid, cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester, and (Z)-18-Octadec-9-enolide. Notably, Octadec-9-enoic Acid, a long-chain fatty acid, was reported for the first time in media supplemented with 4 to 10% LA. In silico analysis suggested that enzymes such as linoleate isomerase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, and oxidoreductase facilitated these conversions.
Aziz et al. [19] assessed L. plantarum YW11, which exhibited a dose-dependent transformation of LA into conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other metabolites. Identified metabolites included 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (rumenic acid), linoelaidic acid, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, trans, trans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, propyl ester, and stearic acid. CLA was detected only at 10% LA. Four enzymes—10-linoleic acid hydratase, linoleate isomerase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, and dehydrogenase—were implicated in this transformation.
Further investigated L. plantarum K25, which produced nine fatty acid analogues from 1 to 10% LA. Linolenic acid was detected at 9% LA for the first time. Enzymes, including linoleate isomerase and dehydrogenase, were identified as key contributors to the biotransformation process. These studies highlight the potential of L. plantarum strains in biotechnological applications.
In agriculture and food industries, probiotics serve as potential alternative of biocontrol agents, addressing limitations of conventional antimicrobial methods [20]. They enhance nutrient availability, support sustainable field management practices, and mitigate the adverse effects of pesticides and fertilizers on water, soil, and environmental health [21]. Plant probiotic microorganisms (PPM) play crucial roles in agriculture by promoting soil health, stimulating plant growth, controlling pathogens, and enhancing plant stress tolerance [21]. PPM, encompassing bacteria and fungi, serve as bioprotectants, biocontrollers, biofertilizers, or biostimulants, offering a sustainable approach to agriculture.
Probiotics, being eco-friendly and biocompatible substances, have increasingly been employed in recent decades to prevent and manage aquatic diseases. They are often added as functional feed supplement to improve feed digestibility and fecundity [11]. Probiotics can enhance the environmental quality of sediment and culture water in closed recirculation systems. They provide protection by competitively excluding pathogens from adhesion sites and by producing antimicrobial substances [5]. Furthermore, probiotics modulate physiological and immunological responses in fish. Ganguly et al. [22] demonstrated that introducing Lysinibacillus sphaericus PKA17 into fish feed effectively inhibited Vibrio harveyi infection in Clarias batrachus. Sarwar et al. [23] reported that functional yogurt samples containing Saccharomyces boulardii and inulin in varying concentrations demonstrated an increase in antioxidant potential during the storage period, with the potential remaining stable over an extended period. Lactobacillus plantarum has made significant contributions to genome analysis, genetic diversity research, and food safety applications [24]. These findings emphasize the multifaceted benefits of probiotics in promoting sustainable aquaculture practices while minimizing reliance on conventional treatments. Probiotics increase the digestibility of indigestible compounds and enhance the nutritional value of feed in fish, leading to improved fish nutrition and overall health [9]. They also stimulate the production of antibodies, enzymes (such as acid phosphatase and lysozymes), complement pathways, cytokines (including IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β), and antiviral peptides. Lactobacillus plantarum has been found to induce significant levels of IgM in cyprinid fish. Bacillus subtilis VSG1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG2, and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 significantly increased lysozyme activity in Labeo rohita [25]. Ganguly et al. [26] incorporated three probiotic Bacillus strains (Lysinibacillus sphaericus PKA17, Bacillus cereus PKA18, and Bacillus thuringiensis PKA19) as feed supplement and observed enhanced growth, and nutritional status of C. magur in captivity.
The study of probiotics has a rich history spanning over a century, beginning with the Nobel laureate Elie Metchnikoff who theorized that human health could be aided through the ingestion of fermented milk products [27]. However, the term probiotic was not introduced until 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell [28] as a modification of the original word “probiotika.” Parker [29] defined it as “organisms and substances that contribute to intestinal microbial balance” and described it as a microbial feed/food supplement. In 1989, Fuller expanded the definition to “live microbial food supplement that benefits the host (human or animal) by improving the microbial balance of the body” and remarked that it would be effective in a range of extreme temperatures and salinity variations. Research on probiotics surged in the 1980s, focusing initially on their impact on gut health and immunity [30]. Subsequent decades witnessed an expansion of this research to investigate their potential contributions in managing allergies, autoimmune diseases, and neurological conditions [31]. The initiation of the Human Microbiome Project in the 2010 further accelerated research, deepening our understanding of probiotic mechanisms and their interactions with the human microbiome [32]. Recent advances have highlighted role of probiotics in enhancing gut barrier function, modulating immune responses, and producing antimicrobial substances [26].
Indian microbiologists have made significant contributions to probiotic research, particularly in exploring traditional fermented foods as rich sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential probiotic properties [33]. Nithya and Halami [34] conducted an evaluation of the probiotic potential of Bacillus species isolated from various food sources. Dr. J.P. Tamang integrated ethno-microbiology with metataxonomics and metagenomics to study fermented foods and beverages among various ethnic groups in the Himalayan regions of Bhutan, India, and Nepal [35]. Dahiya et al. [36] extensively investigated the modulation of gut microbiota and its association with obesity using probiotics and prebiotic fibers. Indian scientists have recently identified a next-generation probiotic bacterium, named Lactobacillus plantarum JBC5, from a dairy product. This strain has shown significant promise in promoting healthy aging [37, 38]. These contributions have not only advanced our understanding of probiotics but also paved the way for the development of innovative probiotic-based products and therapies in India, showcasing the country's growing expertise in this field.
Probiotics contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving nutrient absorption, increasing food security, and promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2). They also support sustainable aquaculture, marine ecosystem conservation, and sustainable seafood production, helping to conserve ocean resources (SDG 14). By enhancing food security, nutrition, and sustainable resource use, probiotics play a valuable role in achieving a more sustainable future. Aquaculture-derived fish products contribute to global food security while also supporting SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by providing essential nutrients and omega-3 fatty acids, promoting healthy diets and improved well-being [39].
The study of probiotics thus requires a profound level of research and analysis to uncover the intricacies of their mechanisms, potential benefits, and effects on human health. This endeavour involves identifying and characterizing new strains, conducting rigorous clinical trials, and exploiting advanced genomics and metabolomics technologies [40]. Most existing probiotic studies have focused on mode of actions, efficacy and application of probiotics. The global trends, geographical disparities and regional-specific research were unexplored. These hinder a comprehensive understanding of probiotic research. Addressing these gaps will provide valuable insights into the dynamics of probiotic research and its applications. The current study seeks to compile and analyze India's significant influence on the progress of Microbiology. It aims to highlight the substantial contributions of Indian scientists, groundbreaking discoveries, and notable advancements that have shaped the landscape of microbiology over the past few decades.
Research methodology
The Web of Science (https://www.webofknowledge.com/) Core Collection was selected as the primary data source for to its extensive indexing of peer-reviewed publications, high-impact journals, and reliable citation data. This study covers only Web of Science database because to ensure high-quality, credible, and globally recognized research data. It provides a robust and standardized framework for scientometric trend analysis in probiotic research that ensures the reliability and validity of research results. Relevant publications related to probiotic research were extracted through a structured query {Probiotic* (Topic)}, and it has been observed that more than 60 thousand research papers have been published on this topic all over the world. The search strategy was based on searching for probiotics in the topic section, which resulting in all related publications being retrieved through this search query. The retrieved results were filtered by year (2000 to 2023) and country (India) from which 3248 research publications has been selected (during 10th to 25th August, 2024) for this present study. Bibliographical data such as publication year, journal name, and affiliation of received publications are properly stored in MS Excel for further analysis and interpretation. Bibliometrix tool of R (https://www.bibliometrix.org/) software have been used for data visualization techniques, such as graphs for publication trend, country collaboration networks, most frequent keywords, trend topics. The entire process of research methodology is described in detail through the flowchart (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Flowchart of research methodology
Results and discussion
Figure 2 provides graphical data on the year-wise growth of scholarly contribution on probiotics, published by Indian scientists over time. Publication trends show that India has grown from a minor player in the early 2000s to a significant contributor by 2023, and is likely to grow further in the future. The overall contribution of Indian scientists to global probiotic research has grown exponentially. A consistent increase between 2000 to 2023 shows that Indian researchers are becoming more involved in this field. In the last three years (2021–2023), the publication rate increased most significantly, contributing more than 37% of the total publications during this period. This period likely reflects heightened interest in immunity and gut health, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, where probiotic interventions to enhance immunity have received significant research attention. Also noteworthy is that the years 2016–2020 mark a phase of accelerated research productivity, with the count reaching 279 publications (8.59%) in 2020 from 154 publications (4.74%) in 2016.
Fig. 2 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Year wise distribution of publications
Table 1 show the most productive journals where Indian scientists have published their research on probiotics. The journal with the highest count of publications is Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (155 papers) published by Springer, with an impact factor of 5, followed by LWT—Food Science and Technology (85 papers) of Elsevier and Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore (84) of Springer. The diversity of journals reflects probiotics and their diverse applications, for example, from food technology and health to biotechnology and veterinary science. The presence of research publications in both global and national journals indicates that Indian scientists are contributing to global probiotic research as well as addressing local agricultural and health challenges.
Table 1. Most productive journals
Publication titles | Count | Publisher | Quartile ranking | Impact factor | ISSN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins | 155 | Springer | Q2 | 5 | 1867-1306 |
LWT-Food Science and Technology | 85 | Elsevier | Q1 | 6 | 1096-1127 |
Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore | 84 | Springer | Q2 | 3.7 | 0975-8402 |
Frontiers In Microbiology | 70 | Frontiers Media | Q1 | 4 | 1664-302X |
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules | 45 | Elsevier | Q1 | 7.7 | 1879-0003 |
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences | 44 | Indian Council of Agricultural Research | Q3 | 0.2 | 0367-8318 |
Indian Journal of Animal Research | 43 | Agricultural Research Communication Centre | Q3 | 0.4 | 0976-0555 |
Fish Shellfish Immunology | 42 | Elsevier | Q1 | 4.1 | 1095-9947 |
3 Biotech | 38 | Springer | Q2 | 2.9 | 2190-5738 |
Journal of Applied Microbiology | 38 | Oxford University Press | Q2 | 4 | 1365-2672 |
The Table 2 on most prolific authors shows a scientometric insight into the major contributors to probiotic research in India. From the profiles of the most prolific researchers in this field, we can observe a clear idea of the research areas of the institutions and their scientists in the probiotic research field. ICAR and NDRI among the top researchers—the dominance of these institutions reflects their significant role in the advancement of probiotic research in India. These institutes have a strong research area in agriculture and dairy, especially in relation to the application of probiotics. As the first institution on the list, AcSIR's presence indicates significant leadership in advancing the scientific basis of probiotic research in India, in microbiological and biotechnological research.
Table 2. Most prolific authors
Researcher name | Articles | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
Halami, Prakash M | 48 | Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR) |
Grover, Sunita | 33 | Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) |
Yadav, Hariom | 26 | Wake Forest University School of Medicine |
Batish, Virender K | 26 | ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute |
Tomar, Sudhir Kumar | 26 | ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute |
Data on “Collaborative Countries” presents a snapshot of international collaborations in probiotic research involving Indian scientists (Table 3). This analysis reveals that Indian probiotics research has a strong presence globally. Among those countries, the United States is the most contributed country (238 papers) followed by Saudi Arabia (116 papers), South Korea (110 papers), China (80 papers) and Australia (75 papers). The role of research collaboration in scientific research is very much essential in nature, it increases the both the quality and quantity of research. The research papers published in collaboration with India by all these countries (USA, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, China etc.) are considered to be very world-class renowned journals. The research themes with these countries have been mainly application-based themes, such as gut health and digestion, immune system support, mental health and wellness, weight management and metabolism, oral health and hygiene, allergy prevention and management, infectious disease prevention, cancer prevention and management, environmental sustainability, and food safety and security. Indian scientists have contributed multidisciplinary and collaborative research with both developed and developing countries focuses on areas such as food, technology, health, and sustainable agriculture. The Global Collaboration Network (Fig. 3) shows that Indian probiotic researchers have highlighted the global relevance of probiotic research with countries across North America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
Table 3. List of collaborative countries
Countries/regions | Count | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
USA | 238 | 7.33 |
Saudi Arabia | 116 | 3.57 |
South Korea | 110 | 3.39 |
Peoples R China | 80 | 2.46 |
Australia | 75 | 2.31 |
Italy | 54 | 1.66 |
Japan | 53 | 1.63 |
Egypt | 46 | 1.42 |
England | 46 | 1.42 |
Germany | 44 | 1.35 |
Fig. 3 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Collaborative network of probiotic research
A comprehensive network analysis of India's research collaborations in probiotic studies reveals a complex web of international partnerships. The United States emerges as India's primary research collaborator, with 238 co-authored publications (7.33%), underscoring robust academic and institutional alliances in microbiome and probiotic research. Notably, Saudi Arabia (116, 3.57%), South Korea (3.39%), and China (2.46%) constitute significant collaborative hubs in probiotic applications, particularly in biotechnology, gut health, and aquaculture. Furthermore, Australia (2.31%), Italy (1.66%), and Japan (1.63%) contribute substantially to expanding probiotic research network, demonstrating widespread international interest in functional food innovations and microbial therapeutics. Additionally, Egypt (1.42%) and England (1.42%) maintain collaborative ties with India, facilitating knowledge exchange in probiotic formulation and healthcare applications. Germany (1.35%) rounds out the top collaborative countries, reinforcing India's linkages with European research institutions. This extensive collaboration fosters interdisciplinary research, technology transfer, and advancements in probiotic applications for human health and industrial development.
The present study also provides insights into the interdisciplinary nature of probiotic research by categorizing it into major research areas based on the number of publications, their rank, and percentage (Table 4). Food science and technology ranked highest with 712 publications (21.92%), indicating that probiotics are primarily studied in food products such as functional foods, dairy products, and fermented beverages. Microbiology contributed 21.21% (689 publications), highlighting the fundamental role of this subject in understanding probiotic strains, their behavior and interactions with the host microbiome. Other notables subjects have been found in this table include Biotechnology, biochemistry, Agriculture, Nutrition Dietetics. This analysis shows that Indian probiotic research is highly multidisciplinary in nature, with research published on health, nutrition and sustainability challenges. Although food science, microbiology and biotechnology predominate here, currently emerging fields such as fisheries and pharmacology hold significant potential for future research and development.
Table 4. Major disciplines associated with probiotic research
Research areas | Count | Rank | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Food Science Technology | 712 | 1 | 21.92 |
Microbiology | 689 | 2 | 21.21 |
Biotechnology Applied Microbiology | 610 | 3 | 18.78 |
Biochemistry Molecular Biology | 278 | 4 | 8.56 |
Agriculture | 243 | 5 | 7.48 |
Nutrition Dietetics | 232 | 6 | 7.14 |
Fisheries | 221 | 7 | 6.80 |
Pharmacology Pharmacy | 195 | 8 | 6.00 |
Immunology | 184 | 9 | 5.67 |
Chemistry | 143 | 10 | 4.40 |
Gastroenterology Hepatology | 143 | 10 | 4.40 |
Keyword analysis
The evaluation of keyword frequency and co-occurrence provides valuable insights into the prevailing research themes and areas of focus within a given field (Fig. 4). The keywords with the highest co-occurrence frequency were “lactic-acid bacteria,” “probiotics,” “strains,” “in-vitro,” “microbiota,” “gut microbiota,” and “adhesion”. Scientometric analysis of research trends revealed that research on probiotics in India had been increasingly focused on lactic-acid bacteria (582 occurrences), with a significant emphasis on their beneficial effects as probiotics (368 occurrences) and their interactions with the host gutome (178 occurrences). The investigation of specific strains (299 occurrences) and their influence on microbiota had emerged as a crucial area of inquiry, with a growing interest in understanding their mechanisms of action. Additionally, research on adhesion (159 occurrences), supplementation (121 occurrences), and growth-performance (115 occurrences) had gained prominence, indicating a shift towards applied research with potential implications for human health and nutrition. Notably, probiotics provide protection against virulent pathogens through the secretion of antimicrobial substances. Overall, the field had been moving towards a specific understanding of probiotic effects, their mechanism of actions with a growing recognition of the importance of strain-specificity and host-microbiota interactions. These findings highlighted the research priorities in the field and may inform future directions for investigation.
Fig. 4 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Frequency of keywords
The current trending topic on the contribution of Indian scientists in probiotic research highlights the use of probiotic organisms to prevent gastrointestinal and neurodegenerative diseases (Fig. 5). Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have emerged as key focus areas in this research. The importance of consuming functional foods for maintaining health has also gained significant attention. Indian scientists are also exploring the role of probiotics in advancing global aquaculture, particularly as growth enhancers. Additionally, recent research has emphasized the importance of maintaining a healthy balance of gut microbiota, supported by thorough in vitro and in vivo analyses [4].
Fig. 5 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Trending topics in probiotic research
Major findings and conclusion
Significant growth in probiotic research
This rapid growth has focused increasing interest in probiotics in India, as there is a need for increased awareness of their health benefits, advances in biotechnology and microbiology.
Publications in high-impact journals
This proves that Indian research findings on probiotics are of high quality and internationally recognized, focusing on journals that emphasize microbiology, food science and antimicrobial applications. Publishing research in high-quality journals and collaborating with international partners shows that Indian probiotic research is gaining global recognition. This recognition will enhance India's scientific reputation in the future and encourage continued funding and support for probiotic research, paving the way for further innovation and progress in this field.
Leading institutions and researchers
These findings indicate that major institutions of India, particularly the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), have played a key role in advancing probiotic research in India.
Focused collaborative network
Indian scientists have established productive international collaborations in probiotics research, with USA (7.33%), Saudi Arabia (3.57%), and South Korea (3.39%) being the top partners.
Interdisciplinary impact and applications
The data revealed that Indian research on probiotics spans multiple disciplines including food science, health, agriculture and biotechnology.
Industry and policy perspectives of probiotics
The global probiotics market is projected to reach USD 105.7 billion by 2029, growing at an 8.2% CAGR from USD 71.2 billion in 2024, driven by rising consumer awareness of gut health, demand for preventive healthcare, and advancements in probiotic delivery methods. Companies are capitalizing on this growth, with Probi (Sweden) launching synbiotic solutions with Clasado (UK) and ADM (US) expanding its Nutramax partnership to strengthen its global presence. The market is fragmented, with key players like Nestlé, ADM, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Yakult Honsha, and Meiji Holdings holding 12–24% market share. The Asia Pacific region presents significant opportunities due to rising disposable income, growing health consciousness, and government support, while innovations like probiotic-infused foods and pet-specific probiotics drive market expansion. The European probiotics market is expected to reach USD 19.4 billion by 2029, with a 5.3% CAGR, fueled by strong dairy sector growth and evolving consumer preferences. However, high R&D costs, regulatory compliance, and premium pricing pose challenges to widespread adoption. The probiotics market ecosystem comprises manufacturers, regulatory bodies, distributors, and retailers, with major suppliers including Probi, Nestlé, ADM, Danone, BioGaia, and Chr. Hansen. Asia Pacific holds the largest market share, benefiting from increasing awareness of gut microbiome benefits, an aging population, and personalized probiotic innovations. Recent industry developments include AB Biotics' partnership with Wonderlab to introduce Shape100 in China for cardiometabolic health and Nestlé’s launch of N3 milk with prebiotic fibers and reduced lactose for improved gut health. Leading industry players include Probi, Danone, BioGaia, Lifeway Foods, AB-Biotics, Nestlé, International Flavors & Fragrances, Morinaga Milk, Adisseo, Apsen Farmacêutica, ADM, Yakult Honsha, Meiji Holdings, Winclove Probiotics, and Lallemand [41]. Supportive regulatory frameworks and approvals from authorities like the EFSA and FDA have significantly boosted the probiotics market by ensuring stringent safety and efficacy standards, enhancing consumer confidence. These endorsements legitimize health claims, build trust, and encourage consistent product use. Globally, consumers prioritize gut and microbiome health, with an IFIC survey in 2021 revealing that 70% consumed yogurt for overall wellness, while 60% linked it to digestive health. Probiotic-rich dairy products, particularly yogurt, are expected to see strong adoption due to their role in maintaining intestinal flora. Additionally, fast-paced lifestyles and rising gut health concerns are driving a growing focus on preventive healthcare. The India probiotics market reached USD 2.2 billion in 2024 and is expected to grow to USD 10.0 billion by 2033, driven by a 17.8% CAGR from 2025 to 2033 [42]. In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates probiotic foods, requiring specific probiotic strains and a minimum viable organism count. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have developed guidelines to ensure probiotic safety and efficacy. These guidelines define parameters for probiotic classification, including strain identification, in vitro screening (acid and bile resistance, antimicrobial activity), and in vivo studies in animals and humans. Safety assessments cover antibiotic resistance, toxicity, and infectivity risks. Efficacy must be validated through clinical trials demonstrating health benefits. Labeling requirements mandate strain designation, viable cell count at shelf-life end, health claims, dosage, and storage instructions. Manufacturing must follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles. Probiotics with proven safe use abroad may be marketed in India, but local efficacy trials are recommended for specific health claims [43].
Indian probiotic research contributes to global regulatory discussions by aligning with international standards set by organizations like the FDA, WHO, and FAO. Research institutions such as ICMR, DBT, and SERB conduct studies on probiotic safety, efficacy, and strain-specific health benefits, which help shape regulatory frameworks. Indian scientists participate in global probiotic summits and collaborate with international bodies to establish guidelines on strain identification, clinical trials, and labeling. Additionally, startups and biotech firms developing probiotic formulations engage with global regulatory agencies, ensuring compliance with Codex Alimentarius and contributing valuable data for refining probiotic regulations worldwide [44, 45].
India has developed and commercialized several probiotic products. Anand Agricultural University (AAU) in Gujarat has developed two indigenous probiotic strains: Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5462, which are available for commercial use in supplements and dairy products [46]. Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) in Guwahati identified Lactobacillus plantarum JBC5, a next-generation probiotic bacterium. Yogurt developed using this strain has shown potential in promoting healthy aging (Indian patent application no: 202231001501) [37, 38]. Tablets India launched "Rescunate" in 2019, a probiotic developed using Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V from Japan's Morinaga Milk Industry Co., aimed at restoring gut flora and enhancing immunity in newborns [47].
Probiotics research in India receives funding from government agencies like the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), as well as international programs such as the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) and corporate support from Unique Biotech, Hyderabad. Notable funded projects include an ICMR Intermediate Research Grant (₹7.8 Cr, 2024–2027) for studying gut metabolites in osteoporosis, an ICMR Small Extramural Research Grant (₹1.9 Cr, 2024–2027) on probiotics for the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and a DBT Grant (₹82 Lacs, 2021–2024) examining probiotics’ immunomodulatory effects on bone health. Other projects focus on osteoporosis treatment (₹73 Lacs, ICMR, 2023–2026), gut regulatory T cells ($65 Lacs, SERB, 2018–2022), and AIIMS research on Lactobacillus rhamnosus (₹10 Lacs, 2018–2020) (Data available from: https://www.aiims.edu/images/pdf/Departments_Centers/Department%20of%20Biotechnology/labwebsites%20(Dr.%20Rupesh%20K.%20Srivastava)/grantsawarded.html). Additionally, New Zealand’s Riddet Institute secured $200,000 from MBIE to develop probiotic foods for India in collaboration with the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Data available from: https://riddet.ac.nz/?view=article&id=437&catid=8). These investments drive innovation in probiotic research by advancing gut health, osteoporosis treatment, and immunomodulation studies. They promote the development of clinically validated, India-specific probiotic strains and encourage collaborations between academic institutions, industries, and international research bodies. This growing funding landscape strengthens India's position in global probiotics research and accelerates translational applications in healthcare and functional foods.
India's probiotics sector is expanding rapidly, with startups developing innovative products for diverse health needs. MicrobioTx introduced India's first hyper-personalized probiotic, while Leucine Rich Bio launched the "India Series Probiotics & Synbiotics" based on Indian microbiome data. Velbiom Probiotics, the country’s first exclusive probiotic company, offers strain-specific solutions, and Mystical Biotech collaborates on probiotic and nutraceutical innovations. Hi Tech BioSciences India and Abhiruchi Probiotics focus on probiotic manufacturing for human and animal use. Yakult Danone India provides probiotic dairy products, and Unique Biotech Limited specializes in strain research and formulations. These startups are driving the growth of India's probiotic market through cutting-edge research, personalized solutions, and widespread accessibility.
Work for further research
In line with this area, more scientometrics of bibliometrics studies can be conducted on the future such as global contribution, citation analysis of probiotics research etc. (Table 5).
Table 5. Future prospective and research directions of probiotic research
Future research areas | Future directions |
|---|---|
Clinical and Health Science | Development of personalized probiotic treatments based on genetic profiling and microbiome analysis |
Development of Indigenous Probiotic Strains | Characterize indigenous probiotic strains with related areas, develop probiotic formulations for Indian population’s dietary habits and health benefits |
Functional Foods and Pharmaceuticals | Innovation of non-dairy probiotic products for lactose-intolerant peoples, development of probiotic-based pharmaceuticals |
Agricultural and Veterinary | probiotic-based biofertilizers and animal feed supplements and providing probiotic solutions to reduce antibiotic resistance in livestock farming |
Industrial and Technological Innovations | Focus on biotechnological advancements such as microencapsulation and genetic engineering of probiotics and probiotic formulation techniques to withstand environmental stressors like heat, pH, and bile salts |
Regulatory and Policy Research | Strengthen FSSAI regulations on probiotic safety, efficacy, and labelling, promote public–private partnerships to ensure probiotic quality and consumer awareness |
Implications of the study
Based on the above findings, this scientometric assessment has several significant implications across multiple domains, including healthcare, industry, food and food and beverage, agriculture, and policymaking. These following implications highlight the broader impact of probiotic research (Table 6).
Table 6. Implications of the scientometric analysis across different sectors of biotechnology
Focus area | Probable implications |
|---|---|
Scientific and Academic Implications | The dominance of food science, microbiology, and biotechnology suggests strong interdisciplinary collaboration, enhancing probiotic efficacy and applications |
Healthcare and Public Health Implications | Probiotics can play a crucial role in addressing malnutrition, digestive disorders, and immunity-related diseases, particularly in India’s rural populations |
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications which can drive the development of personalized probiotics, optimizing treatments based on individual gut microbiomes | |
probiotics being widely marketed as health supplements, stronger regulatory guidelines are required to ensure the safety, efficacy, and standardization of probiotic products in India | |
Industrial and Economic Implications | India’s dairy, beverage, and nutraceutical industries can capitalize on this trend by investing in new probiotic formulations and expanding market reach |
The rising focus on biotechnological advancements in probiotics opens doors for startups and biotech firms | |
Indian industries can leverage patent filings and intellectual property rights (IPR) to establish a competitive edge in the global probiotics market | |
Agricultural and Environmental Implications | Probiotic-based animal feed supplements can improve livestock productivity, benefiting India’s dairy and poultry sectors while reducing antibiotic resistance risks |
Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Practices such as crop yield and pest resistance, promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices | |
Policy and Governmental Implications | Government bodies such as DST, ICMR, CSIR, DBT, and ICAR should increase funding for probiotic research, particularly in clinical trials, strain development, and large-scale production technologies |
Collaboration between academia and industries can bridge the gap between research and commercialization, | |
Probiotics can be included in government nutrition programs, such as mid-day meal schemes, maternal health initiatives, and elderly care nutrition plans |
Limitations of the study
The present work is based on indexed publications in the Web of Science database. This is the only limitation of the present work, as we could not consider any other database for selecting the Web of Science database.
Future research improvements on the current study’s limitations
There are certain limitations that future research can address to enhance the depth and accuracy of scientometric assessments.
Expanding Data Sources beyond Web of Science such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Dimensions to ensure broader coverage of probiotic research.
Inclusion of Patent and Industry Data which includes patent databases analysis.
Exploring regional and institutional disparities such as comparing research productivity across different states and institutions in India.
Author contributions
AG was involved in conceptualization and initial manuscript writing; DKK and MC were involved in executing scientometric analysis; SC was involved in supervision, conceptualization and final manuscript preparation.
Funding
Open access funding provided by Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed To Be University). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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