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Xishu Gardens, an exemplary narrative of classical Chinese gardens, faces challenges in preserving its commemorative spatial structures while accommodating modern visitors’ needs. While trajectory analysis is critical, existing studies struggle to interpret multi-dimensional perception-preference data owing to spatiotemporal mismatches in multi-source datasets. This study adopted an improved Ward–K-medoids hybrid clustering algorithm to analyze 885 trajectory samples and 34,384 synchronized data points capturing emotional valence, cognitive evaluations, and dwell time behaviors via panoramic digital twins across three heritage sites (Du Fu Thatched Cottage, San Su Shrine, and Wangjiang Tower Park). Our key findings include the following: (1) Axial bimodal patterns: Type I high-frequency looping paths (27.6–68.9% recurrence) drive deep exploration, in contrast to Type II linear routes (≤0.5% recurrence), which enable intensive node coverage. (2) Layout-perception dynamics: single-axis layouts maximize behavioral engagement (DFTC), free-form designs achieve optimal emotional-cognitive integration (WTP), and multi-axis systems amplify emotional-cognitive fluctuations (SSS). (3) Spatial preference hierarchy: entrance and waterfront zones demonstrate dwell times 20% longer than site averages. Accordingly, the proposed model synchronizes Type II peak-hour throughput with Type I off-peak experiential depth using dynamic path allocation algorithms. This study underscores the strong spatial guidance mechanisms of Xishu Gardens, supporting tourism management and heritage conservation.
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; Zhu Zhanyuan 2 ; Guo, Li 1 ; Zhong, Yong 3 ; Zhang Deshun 4 ; Li, Jing 5 ; Yao Manqin 4 ; Wei, Yong 6 ; Li Mengjia 1 ; Huang, Yujie 1 1 College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.)
2 College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.), College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China
3 CECEP (ChengDu) Ecological Environment Protection Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610400, China; [email protected]
4 College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (M.Y.)
5 College of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China; [email protected]
6 School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; [email protected]