Content area
This dissertation critically analyzes the intersection of science, culture, and spirituality in understanding psychotic disorders, psychosis, possession, and prayer. Through a biopsychosocial-spiritual lens (Engel, 1977; Koenig, 2001), the study synthesizes empirical literature to examine how psychiatric symptoms (Good, 1994; Kleinman & Benson, 2006; Patel & Sumathipala, 2001) are conceptualized and managed across diverse cultures (Ahmad & Koncsol, 2022; DeLuca et al., 2022; Jones & Shattell, 2016; Warner, 2008) and spiritual frameworks (Ano & Vasconcelles, 2005; Gall & Guirguis-Younger, 2013; Koenig & Pargament, 2011; Pargament et al., 2000). Findings highlight disparities in diagnosis and treatment, particularly among historically marginalized populations, and underscore the importance of culturally competent (Kirmayer & Looper, 2020; van der Hart & Steele, 2023), spiritually sensitive care. The research advocates for integrative mental health approaches that bridge scientific evidence with cultural narratives and spiritual practices, offering recommendations for clinical application, future research, and Christian-integrated care models.