Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to identify which factors are attributed as values of money that influence the debt propensity of students at a higher education institution in the Missões Region in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil.
Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises descriptive, bibliographic and survey research. With the application of questionnaires for data collection, the object was students from a higher education institution, defining the target audience for the research as young people aged 15 to 29 years old from higher education courses in Administration, Accounting Sciences, Institutional Communication, Law, Dentistry, Pedagogy and Psychology. The data were analyzed using standard deviation, mean, Bartlett's test of sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, to evaluate the reliability of the answers to the questionnaire applied. And to verify the relationship between the variables, the Pearson coefficient was used.
Results and Discussion: Initially, the student profile was identified according to age, city of residence, residence, gender, marital status and course. Next, in relation to the theme of debt propensity, questions about individual monthly income, dependents, professional occupation, financial dependence, frequency of use of credit and expenses were established. It was observed that the majority of the sample receives up to the minimum wage, has no dependents, is financially dependent and often depends on credit, but spends less than or equal to what they earn. They are aware of the importance of maintaining control over expenses and accept the possibility of contracting debts when they are able to pay them. In relation to the values that those surveyed attribute to money, six stood out, identified as pleasure, stability, progress, power, suffering and culture. Considering the relationship between factors attributed to the values of money and the propensity for debt, they appear to be similarly related, with debt being impacted as a result of the meaning that the interviewees give to money.
Conclusion: The research concluded that the values attributed to money are related to debt. The extent to which young people associate money with feelings of pleasure, power, culture, progress, stability and suffering reveals that these factors make them prone to debt. The study contributed to providing opportunities for learning about the different factors that can be attributed as values to money and their relationship with the propensity for debt.
Keywords: Money Values, Debt, Financial Education, Debt Management.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar quais sáo os fatores atribuidos como valores do dinheiro que possuem influência na propensão ao endividamento dos estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior da Região das Missões no noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa compreende uma pesquisa de caráter descritivo, bibliográfico e de levantamento. Com a aplicação de questionários para coleta de dados, objeto fois estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior, delimitando-se como público alvo da pesquisa jovens de 15 a 29 anos de idade dos cursos superiores de Administração, Ciências Contábeis, Comunicação Institucional, Direito, Odontologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se de métodos de desvio padráo, média, teste de esfericidade de Bartlett, teste Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) e teste de confiabilidade com aplicação do coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, para avaliar a confiabilidade das respostas do questionário aplicado. E para verificar a relação entre as variáveis foi utilizado o coeficiente de Pearson.
Resultados e Discussão: Inicialmente identificou-se o perfil estudantes de acordo idade, cidade que reside, residência, género, estado civil e curso. Na sequencia, com relacio ao tema propensão ao endividamento estabeleceram-se as questdes sobre renda mensal individual, dependentes, ocupacáo profissional, dependéncia financeira, frequéncia de uso de crédito e gastos, observou-se que a maior parte da amostra recebe até um salário mínimo, náo possui dependentes, possui dependéncia financeira e com frequéncia depende de crédito, porém gastam menos ou igual ao que ganham. Possuem consciéncia da importáncia de manter o controle dos gastos e aceitam a possibilidade de contrair dívidas quando existirem condições pagá-las. Em relação aos valores que os pesquisados atribuem ao dinheiro sobressairam-se seis, identificados por prazer, estabilidade, progresso, poder, sofrimento e cultura. Considerando a relação entre fatores atribuidos aos valores do dinheiro e a propensão ao endividadmento monstram-se similarmente relacionados, sendo o endividamento impactado em decorréncia do significado que os entrevistados dáo ao dinheiro.
Conclusão: A pesquisa concluiu que os valores atribuídos ao dinheiro encontram relacio com o endividamento. A medida em que os jovens associam o dinheiro com o sentimento de prazer, poder, cultura, progresso, estabilidade e sofrimento revelam que esses fatores dão propensão ao endividamento. O estudo contribuiu para oportunizaçäo de aprendizado sobre os diferentes fatores que podem ser atribuídos como valores ao dinheiro e sua relação com a propensão ao endividamento.
Palavras-chave: Valores do Dinheiro, Endividamento, Educação Financeira, Gerenciamento de Dívidas.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es identificar qué factores se atribuyen como valores del dinero que influyen en la propensión al endeudamiento de los estudiantes de una institución de educación superior en la Región de Missões, en el noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil.
Método: La metodologia adoptada para esta investigación comprende investigación descriptiva, bibliográfica y de encuestas. Con la aplicación de cuestionarios para la recolección de datos, el objetivo fueron los estudiantes de una institución de educación superior, definiéndose como público objetivo de la investigación los jóvenes de 15 a 29 años de carreras de educación superior en Administración, Ciencias Contables, Comunicación Institucional, Derecho, Odontología, Pedagogía y Psicología. Los datos fueron analizados mediante desviación estándar, media, prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett, prueba de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) y prueba de confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, para evaluar la confiabilidad de las respuestas al cuestionario aplicado. Y para comprobar la relación entre las variables se utilizó el coeficiente de Pearson.
Resultados y Discusión: Inicialmente se identificó el perfil del estudiante según edad, ciudad de residencia, residencia, género, estado civil y carrera. A continuación, en relación al tema de propensión al endeudamiento, se establecieron preguntas sobre ingreso mensual individual, dependientes, ocupación profesional, dependencia financiera, frecuencia de uso del crédito y gastos. Se observó que la mayoría de la muestra recibe hasta el salario mínimo, no tiene dependientes, es dependiente financieramente y muchas veces depende del crédito, pero gasta menos o igual a lo que gana. Son conscientes de la importancia de mantener el control de los gastos y aceptan la posibilidad de contraer deudas cuando puedan pagarlas. En relación a los valores que los encuestados atribuyen al dinero, destacaron seis, identificados como placer, estabilidad, progreso, poder, sufrimiento y cultura. Considerando la relación entre los factores atribuidos a los valores del dinero y la propensión a endeudarse, parecen estar igualmente relacionados, siendo la deuda impactada como resultado del significado que los entrevistados le dan al dinero.
Conclusión: La investigación concluyó que los valores atribuidos al dinero están relacionados con la deuda. La medida en que los jóvenes asocian el dinero con sentimientos de placer, poder, cultura, progreso, estabilidad y sufrimiento revela que estos factores los hacen propensos a endeudarse. El estudio contribuyó a brindar oportunidades para conocer los diferentes factores que se pueden atribuir como valores al dinero y su relación con la propensión al endeudamiento.
Palabras clave: Valores del Dinero, Deuda, Educación Financiera, Gestión de Deuda.
1 INTRODUCTION
There are several reasons that may contribute to the propensity for debt among young Brazilians. One of them is the ease of access to various products offered by the financial system, such as credit cards, payroll loans, minute loans, financing, flexible and facilitated credit limits [...] among others. With this range of offers imposed at all times by the market, it is necessary for people to be prepared to deal with complex situations and manage their financial resources (Buffon, 2018). In this sense, it is important to understand whether the management of adherence to these products and the control of the financial limits granted are being managed consciously or are contributing to the propensity for debt.
Nowadays, it is easier to obtain products in general, because the market offers numerous forms of payment, and it is not necessary to have cash at the time of purchase (Rossato and Pinto, 2019). Therefore, every time something is consumed without making immediate payment, a financial responsibility, a debt, is assumed. It is crucial to carefully monitor expenses, especially those made on credit, in order to avoid the accumulation of bills that result in the loss of control of the personal budget.
The ease of access to credit and the lack of experience in managing debt, combined with the absence of financial education in basic education in Brazil, make young people more susceptible to debt. They face social pressure to acquire material goods in order to keep up with trends and maintain a standard of living that is sometimes disconnected from their social status, and are often the target of advertising campaigns that promote consumption and debt.
This situation can lead to excessive spending and irresponsible use of credit to meet these momentary social expectations. According to Bertosso et al. (2017, p. 2), "most young people do not identify their level of debt as a problem, which allows many to still go on to incur debt, if the credit supply allows it". Therefore, it is essential to understand which factors can influence debt based on the conception of young consumers.
According to Avelar (2014, p. 25) as cited in Porto and Tamayo (2003), "society has used values to try to explain people's behavior, judge actions, predict group behaviors and differentiate them in a variety of ways". Personal appreciation through the possession of money has become a form of power and status in society. Money plays the role of assigning value to goods, products and the like, allowing the population access to consumption (Bertosso et al., 2017). It is through money that business is carried out, and proper management of financial resources can lead to success, while mistakes and poorly designed plans can result in decline.
According to Avelar (2014), there is extensive research on values and behavior related to financial management. In this research, the interest was to understand the perceptions about the values given to money and its relationship with the propensity to get into debt, revealing the set of emotions that individuals express in relation to saving, spending, taking risks and getting into debt. Given the context presented, the study question was defined as: What are the factors attributed as values of money that have the greatest influence on the propensity to get into debt of students at a higher education institution in the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul?
Once the study's problem was presented, the general objective was defined as identifying which factors attributed as money values have the greatest influence on the propensity to indebtedness of students at a higher education institution (HEI) in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The specific objectives were defined as: collecting primary data through questionnaires; assessing individuals' perceptions regarding the different factors of money values; identifying which factors of money values are related to the propensity to indebtedness; and performing analyses to quantify the influence of each factor of value attributed to money on the propensity to indebtedness.
This study was justified by the expansion of knowledge to understand the factors that value money given by young people in higher education. By identifying the financial behavior of students and its relationship with debt, the study data help to establish mechanisms for a pedagogical approach to the subject for the academic training of future professionals.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was developed under a descriptive nature and, as to the nature of the data, it is classified as quantitative and qualitative. As for the technical procedures of the research, bibliographic research and data collection were used. In the bibliographic research, scientific articles published in journals, book chapters and books (especially e-books) were consulted, obtained from open access websites, via the SCielo and Google Scholar search platforms. In the data collection, a questionnaire was used to collect data from the population sample.
The study population was defined by students from a private Higher Education Institution - IES, located in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil enrolled in the courses of Administration, Agronomy, Accounting, Institutional Communication, Law, Dentistry, Pedagogy and Psychology in the age group of 18 to 29 years. According to Federal Law No. 12.852/2013, called the Youth Statute, people between the ages of 15 (fifteen) and 29 (twenty-nine) are considered young people. Higher education students are generally over 18 years old. Thus, the age group for the application of the developed questionnaires was defined, the Google Forms tool was used and by generating а ОК Code, respondents accessed the questionnaire through their smartphone . The questions applied were prepared based on the studies of the authors Avelar (2014), Bertosso et al. (2017) and Araujo (2022) researchers on this topic, and followed the standard for responses on the five-point Likert scale , where it is possible to choose between the options: 1- I totally disagree; 2- I disagree; 3- I do not care; 4I I 5- 1 totally agree.
The development and application of the questionnaire took place in September and October 2023, and the data were then analyzed and processed using an electronic spreadsheet to calculate the standard deviation and mean. To verify the reliability of the collected data, statistical models defined as Bartlett's sphericity test and the KMO measure were used. (KaiserMeyer-Olkin) . Next, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was applied to assess the reliability of the responses provided, according to Avelar (2014) the average should vary from 0 to 1, the closer to 1 indicates greater consistency, and the closer to 0 indicates less consistency of the data. In this case, values from 0.6 to 0.7 were considered as the minimum acceptable threshold for factor validation.
Finally, to verify the relationship between the variables of money values and propensity to debt, the Pearson coefficient was used to provide the numerical measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It also indicates whether the relationship between the variables is positive (they increase or decrease together), or negative, when one increases while the other decreases (Rodrigues, 2012; Araújo, 2022).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The questionnaire was based on studies carried out by the authors Avelar (2014), Bertosso et al. (2017) and Araújo (2022) and had fourteen objective multiple-choice questions, from which seventy-six responses were obtained, representing 7.6% of the total number of students at the HEI. Of the total responses, twelve were discarded because they did not meet the criteria of the population established in the age group of 18 to 29 years old, considered young, according to the Youth Statute.
The questionnaire is divided into two parts. In the first six questions, we sought to identify the social structure of the student sample, with questions such as age, housing, gender, marital status and course.
When analyzing the responses that present the highest concentrations of the questionnaire, in relation to the profile of the students, it was found that 53.13% declared to be between 18 and 20 years old, while 29.69% are between 21 and 23 years old. In relation to the residence of the survey respondents, 56.25% declared to live in the city of Santo Angelo and 17.19% in the neighboring city of Entre-Ijuís. In terms of residence, 57.81% declared to live with their parents and 26.56% declared to live in a rented residence. In the question of gender, 71.88% declared to be female and 28.13% declared to be male. Regarding marital status, 85.94% declared to be single, while 10.94% declared to be in a stable union. The course with the highest percentage of participants was Law with 26.56% and Psychology with 20.31% of respondents.
Regarding the topic of propensity to debt, questions about individual monthly income, dependents, professional occupation, financial dependence, frequency of credit use and expenses were studied, which are presented in table 02.
When asked about individual monthly income, 53.13% of participants stated that they had an individual monthly income of up to one minimum wage, while 39.06% stated that they had an individual monthly income of two to three minimum wages. When asked about having dependents, 85.94% stated that they did not have dependents, while 14.06% stated that they had dependents.
Regarding occupation, 57.81% of participants declared to be salaried employees, while 17.19% declared not to work. Regarding the question about financial dependence, 57.81% declared to be partially dependent on another person, while 31.25% declared to have no dependence and 10.94% declared to be totally financially dependent.
Regarding the question about the frequency of relying on credit, 45.31% stated that they never rely on credit, while 26.56% stated that they sometimes rely on credit. Regarding the question regarding expenses, 34.38% stated that they spend less than they earn, while 32.81% stated that they spend the same amount as they earn, 32.81% stated that they spend more than they earn, while 32.81% stated that they spend more than they earn.
According to the analysis of the questionnaire responses, considering the Likert scale that has the options: 1- I completely disagree; 2- I disagree; 3- I do not care; 4- I agree; 5- I completely agree, the average of the responses was calculated to understand the central point around how the data is distributed. The highest average found was 4.47 related to the affirmative variable "5. It is important to know how to control my household expenses", indicating that most participants demonstrate a clear understanding and concern regarding household expenses. The second variable with the highest relevance of responses was the variable "1. It is not right to spend more than I earn", with an average of 4.22, showing that the research sample considers it important to manage their expenses in relation to their income. On the other hand, the lowest average found was in the question "3. I think it is normal for people to get into debt to pay for their things" with an average of 2.58, highlighting low relevance in the frequency with which people resort to debt to acquire their goods.
The standard deviation measures the dispersion of data in relation to the mean; the higher the standard deviation, the greater the variability of the data or responses (Flores, 2012). The highest standard deviation value presented was in the variable "6. I prefer to pay in installments even if the total is more expensive", with a standard deviation of 1.250. In this item, it was identified that the responses are further away from the mean found; on the other hand, the lowest standard deviation found was in relation to the variable "5. It is important to know how to control my household expenses" with a standard deviation of 0.734, meaning that the responses align closely with the mean for the answered alternatives of the item.
The results obtained are similar to those found by the author Avelar (2014), and are in line with the results of the research by Flores (2012), Ceretta et al . (2014) and Buffon (2020). The variable "5. It is important to know how to control my household expenses" stands out, Which also represented the highest average in the research carried out. The result of the data presented converges to identify the behavior of the respondents, pointing to the awareness of the need to control expenses and indicating a lower aptitude for debt.
In order to analyze the factorability of the data obtained regarding the values attributed to money, Bartlett's Sphericity Test and the KMO and Bartlett Index were used , tools used in factor analysis to assess the adequacy of the data for this technique. Bartlett's test verifies Whether the correlations between the variables are strong enough to justify factor analysis, while KMO measures the proportion of the total variance that can be attributed to common factors, indicating sampling adequacy. The result of the KMO test was 0.6, considered adequate "because values close to 1 indicate that the factorial method is adequate for data processing" (Avelar, 2014, p. 57). Bartlett's sphericity test presented a result of 0.00002, which also confirms the adequacy of the analysis, since the significance value must be less than 0.05 to be adequate.
Another important factor is the reliability of the items used in the research. In this sense, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used, which provides the degree of reliability of the questionnaire on a scale of 0 to 1. When the coefficient is close to 1, it indicates that the correlation between the items is strong, making the instrument reliable (Ceretta et al. , 2014). For this analysis, the minimum value of 0.6 was established to be considered adequate, in relation to the statements and the variable of feelings about money.
The first factor identified as "conflict" is formed by two questions: money causes distrust in people and causes neurosis, which is one of the negative factors of money. It presented a coefficient of 0.5639, indicating that the instrument may not be reliable. The second factor "pleasure", composed of two questions: money helps to be happy and means pleasure, considered a positive factor of money, presented a value of 0.7142, proving to be adequate for the study.
The third factor, called "power," formed by two questions: those who have money are the first to be served everywhere and have authority over others, evidencing a relationship associated with a negative factor of money, presented a coefficient of 0.8119, being the factor with the greatest adequacy in Cronbach's Alpha. The fourth factor, called "culture," composed of two questions: with money 1 would invest in scientific research and sponsor the development of the arts, demonstrates a factor of positivity in relation to the use of money, presented a value of 0.7312, considered adequate for the study.
The fifth factor, called "detachment," formed by two questions: helping those in need is better than saving money and parents should teach their children to be generous, evidenced as a negative factor related to money, presented a value of 0.5659, indicating that the instrument may not be reliable. Table 05 continues to present the sequence of the study evidenced in Table 04.
The sixth factor studied is "inequality," formed by two questions: rich children are taught to avoid contact with poor children; poor people are prevented from going to places frequented by rich people, highlighting a negative factor in money; it presented a coefficient of 0.5291, indicating that the data is unreliable or has little relation to the study. The seventh factor, called "progress," formed by two questions: money builds a better world and solves social problems, which shows a positive factor of money in the search for equality in society; it presented a factor of 0.6294, being adequate in the development of the study.
The eighth factor, called "Stability," formed by two questions: "I think it is important to have life insurance and health insurance," treated as a positive factor of money and referring to caring for life, presented a coefficient of 0.7585, considered adequate. The ninth and last factor, called "Suffering," formed by two questions: "Thinking about money makes me depressed and causes frustration," deals with a negative factor of money, portraying problems that money can cause, presented a coefficient of 0.7752, showing itself to be adequate for the study.
Thus, the factors called Conflict, Detachment and Inequality were excluded from the analysis because the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients were lower than the minimum value established as reliable for the study, established as a minimum coefficient of 0.6 for acceptable.
Table 06 presents the average for Propensity to Indebtedness and Values of Money and their factors considered in the research. Considering the responses on a Likert scale with values from 1 to 5 in order to use the average to present the central focus of the responses. It was observed that the average found for Propensity to Indebtedness was 3.31 and the average attributed in the conception to Values of Money was 3.52. Regarding the averages of factors to Values of Money, the ones with the greatest relevance were Pleasure with an average of 4.09 and Stability with an average of 4.01, while the factor with the lowest average presented was Culture, with the value of 2.92.
Regarding the standard deviation, used to demonstrate the dispersion of data in relation to the average, the culture factor presented a coefficient of 1.314, showing that the data are dispersed and far from the average found. The deviation coefficient occurred in the pleasure factor with a coefficient of 0.855, demonstrating the data from the responses that present greater convergence.
When analyzing Pearson's R correlations, the criteria suggested by Avelar (2014) were applied. These criteria indicate that values below 0.2 indicate a very low association, while values between 0.2 and 0.39 indicate a low association. Values between 0.40 and 0.69 indicate a moderate association, values between 0.7 and 0.89 a high association, and, finally, values between 0.9 and 1 indicate a very high association (Trindade, 2009). The p-values were analyzed according to the criteria used by Avelar (2014), which states that correlations are significant (p < 0.05) and highly significant (p < 0.001).
When analyzing the data in Table 07, it is possible to perceive the existence of a correlation between the Propensity to Indebtedness and the factors attributed as values of money, which are: Pleasure with a Pearson's R value of 0.944; Power with a Pearson's R value of 0.992; Culture with ап R value of 0.986; Progress with a Pearson's R value of 0.967; Stability with a Pearson's R value of 0.954 and Suffering with a Pearson's R value of 0.982, all values were positive, indicating that as participants associate these values with money, their propensity to indebtedness increases.
The p-value measure is used as a statistical tool that shows whether the observed relationship is statistically significant, in this case for values lower than 0.05. In this sense, the data presented in Table 07 are significant, with the following values: Pleasure with a p-value of 0.005; Power with a p-value of <0.001; Culture with a p-value of <0.001; Progress with a pvalue of 0.002; Stability with a p-value of 0.003 and Suffering with a p-value of <0.001.
The results found are fully plausible when the factors are analyzed. Thus, the Pleasure factor may be associated with consumerism by influencing young people to acquire what they want at that moment, be it goods and/or services of different types. The Power factor presents the relationship with authority over other individuals in the belief that money confers authority and status; this phenomenon creates social pressure on young people to achieve this standard. According to Rossato and Pinto (2019), the young population is volatile and sometimes combines financial decisions in an attempt to meet their expectations.
The Culture factor is related to the environment in which the young person is inserted and can affect their investment decisions according to the reflection of their culture. The Progress factor is associated with social contribution, which can include donations to non-profit organizations, participation in social projects, as well as in relation to the financial risks associated with their way of making investments (Avelar, 2014; Buffon, 2018).
The Stability factor is related to security, such as health insurance and life insurance. However, without proper knowledge about the benefits contracted, this choice can affect other areas of the personal budget. The Suffering factor can be associated with worry, which can lead to a state of stress and anxiety. Constant financial stress can negatively influence financial choices, leading to impulsive spending decisions (Avelar, 2014; Araújo, 2022).
These factors are interrelated and may vary depending on local culture, family values, personal experiences and socioeconomic context. Understanding these aspects can help develop effective debt management strategies by promoting healthy financial education among young people.
4 CONCLUSION
The research was designed to identify which factors attributed as values of money have the greatest influence on the propensity to indebtedness of students at a HEIL. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire containing fourteen questions was applied with two objectives: firstly, to obtain demographic and financial data, and secondly, to collect information regarding the propensity to indebtedness and values attributed to money.
The research sample was limited to young people aged 18 to 29 years. It is worth noting that the majority of respondents were between the ages of 18 and 20 and lived in the city of Santo Angelo/RS, most of whom lived with their parents. Most were female, and 26.56% of the total were studying law. Regarding their individual monthly income, 53.13% of the participants reported earning up to one minimum wage and had no dependents. Most of them were employed and reported financial dependence due to the need for third-party resources as a supplementary source of income. Regarding the frequency with which they depend on credit, 45.31% said they never depend on credit, and regarding their expenses, 34.38% said they spend less than they earn.
The study identified that the values given to money based on the design of the research sample are related to debt. The extent to which young people associate money with pleasure, power, culture, progress, stability and suffering reveals the factors that lead to a propensity to debt. The study provided a contribution to the academic environment, providing an opportunity to learn about the different factors that can be attributed as values of money, and their relationship with the propensity to debt, in addition to the knowledge obtained by using the tools and coefficients necessary to analyze the study data.
Some limitations were identified during the research, such as the questionnaire itself, and the data obtained are considered reliable based on the responses obtained from the interviewees, in addition to the elements of the selected sample being based on the availability of the academics to respond to the questions. It is also worth noting that the results are not generalizable, so that the final data portray the reality studied in a specific institution and region.
Finally, we emphasize the importance of discussing the value of money and its perception in relation to debt in academic and professional training. Today's students will be tomorrow's professionals, and personal and professional success is directly related to financial management habits, linked to the values given to available financial resources and the conduct of attitudes in relation to their acquisition and use.
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