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The healing arts in Western Europe of the traditionally termed High and Late Middle Ages, the period roughly from 1050 to 1500 CE, embraced a wide and dizzying range of practitioners, practices, and conceptual underpinnings. Regardless of who was trying to heal whom, medieval medicine, at least as practiced in Christian Europe, was largely ineffective. It may have had a placebo effect; the academic rhetoric that came to embellish it might have convinced some of its efficacy; but it did little to affect pathology or to stop the spread of diseases in a society, the majority of whose members subsisted in grossly unhealthful conditions. Nonetheless, the belief in and demand for therapeutic services of all types from a vast array of healers—secular and clerical, university trained and lay—remained strong through and beyond the Black Death in 1348. In light of this persistent faith in the possibility of healing, it is no surprise that the figure of the doctor—the arzet or arzatinne—appears so frequently in Middle High German texts of the period.
This dissertation examines the perceptions of medieval medicine as reflected in a variety of such texts across multiple genres. It explores the variety of “attitudes” evinced towards the medical practitioner, ranging from the adulation of the wundarzet in epic poetry and of the saintly healer in hagiography; to the skepticism voiced by the preacher of the people, Berthold von Regensburg; to the ambiguous portrayal of secular healing in works such as Hartmann von Aue’s Erec or Der arme Heinrich. Alternatively, the doctor is fiendish in Reinhart Fuchs, a fraudster in Der Pfaffe Amis, and a fool in the merchant scenes of the Easter Plays. Medieval mystics who chose to rely on Christ’s healing power alone welcomed illness and disdained secular healing. And all the while, university-trained professionals attempted to ground explanations for the course and outcome of the illnesses they encountered, for their own treatment successes and failures, in Galenic science—a system often indistinguishable from magic. Notably absent from medieval German literature is any instance of arrant contempt for the doctor. Such expressions of contempt would have to wait for the modern era—a time in which paradoxically, although medicine has become more reliable, respect for and fear of medical authority has waned.
