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Abstract
The Antarctic ice sheet is a major potential contributor to future sea-level rise, and its marine regions, containing both grounded and floating sections, represent non-linear physical systems potentially subject to tipping points. The subglacial environment of these marine sectors plays a crucial role in marine ice-sheet dynamics, yet it remains challenging to model due to the many unknowns surrounding it. This thesis aims to understand how subglacial conditions impact instabilities in marine ice sheets based on three original contributions that rely on analytical and numerical approaches across various spatial scales.
The first contribution examines grounding-line flux conditions which are semi-analytical expressions used to determine ice flux at the grounding line. These flux conditions depend on the friction law that is used to model the interactions between the ice and the bed on the grounded area of marine ice sheets. We generalize the flux conditions, historically derived for Weertman and Coulomb friction laws, to accommodate more complex laws like the Budd friction law, which includes the effective pressure applied by the ice on the bed, and hybrid laws combining viscous and plastic behavior. Using asymptotic developments, we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of solutions to this boundary-layer problem and propose explicit flux expressions that remain valid in cases of steep slopes and low friction coefficients.
The second contribution presents a simplified, fast subglacial hydrological model for the Antarctic ice sheet, incorporating efficient and inefficient drainage systems and accounting for both hard and soft bed types. Applied to Thwaites Glacier, this model shows that subglacial hydrology accelerates grounding-line retreat, with the retreat rates being a function of the efficiency of the drainage system and of the type of bed. We also highlight that the retreat dynamics near the grounding line are primarily driven by steep effective pressure gradients, rather than by the absolute value of effective pressure itself.
The third contribution of this thesis investigates the effect of pinning points –locations where the ice temporarily grounds on bedrock peaks, adding stability to the ice sheet– on ice-sheet dynamics, particularly on the grounding line, the boundary between grounded and floating ice. We show that a singular behavior can arise at these points, where the linearized problem associated with the mass and momentum-balance equations becomes ill-defined, with infinite gradients in the momentum-balance equation. This singularity raises important questions about current models and how grounding lines are treated in numerical simulations, indicating the need for alternative formulations to improve modeling accuracy.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates the significance of subglacial conditions on Antarctic marine ice-sheet dynamics and proposes advancements to improve their modeling. These findings suggest that refining predictions in response to a changing climate will require model developments that better represent local ice-bedrock interactions and the spatial-temporal evolution of subglacial hydrology.





