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Glaucoma is one of the main causes of avoidable blindness. It is a neurodegenerative disease that results in damage in the optic nerve, leading to blindness by the destruction of the ganglion cells, progressively and irreversibly. An early diagnosis is essential to prevent this type of damage and increase the quality of life of patients. Recent studies show that patients with glaucoma have a diminished pupillary response to blue-light stimuli, with a reduction of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
Pupillometry, a technique that allows the assessment of the pupillary response to light, has gained renewed interest with the discovery of melanopsin, present in ipRGCs, and its sensitivity to blue light. These cells contribute to the pupillary light reflex, along with cones and rods. Chromatic pupillometry quantifies the pupillary response to blue and red light stimuli. In healthy people, pupil recovery after the blue stimulus is inferior to that of the red stimulus, due to the activation of these photosensitive ganglion cells.
The aim of this project was to develop a portable and accessible device to analyse the pupillary response to coloured light stimuli using a smartphone. Initially, the smartphone flashlight was used as a stimulus, but it was not enough to stimulate the ipRGCs. So, after some experiments, a system was developed using a smartphone that allows stimulating the pupil using a coloured ring light. Validated in healthy people, the results were in agreement with those in the literature, with a slower pupil recovery after stimulus for blue light. It has also been evaluated in people with glaucoma.
The system developed in this Ph.D. project showed to be a promising portable device for chromatic pupillometry, with stimuli targeted to the activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, with the potential to be used for glaucoma screening.