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Introduction
Personality has been identified as a crucial factor in understanding the quality of robot deployments in organizations and in broader society1. Although the uncanny valley hypothesis posits that humans feel uncomfortable in the presence of robots with human-like features, this unsettling first impression is significantly altered through interaction2. The personality of a robot is considered preferable and is associated with desirable social responses3. To determine a suitable personality for a robot, prior research suggests that preferences for robot personalities may indeed vary depending on the context of the robot’s role and the stereotypical perceptions people hold for certain occupations4. It has been demonstrated that users are capable of distinguishing between robot personalities, which results in differing preferences between goal-oriented and experience-oriented scenarios5.
A robot has been designed to exhibit traits of introversion and extroversion to assist post-stroke individuals in their rehabilitation exercises6. Research indicates that a socially assistive robot’s autonomous behavior, when adapted to the user’s personality, can enhance task performance. Studies have demonstrated that a robot’s extroversion and dominance influence people’s perceptions of its intelligence, social capabilities, and likability7. Furthermore, the robot’s personality has been shown to improve human-robot interactions; users report greater enjoyment when interacting with a robot whose personality complements their own, as opposed to one with a similar personality8. Guidelines for the effective design of service robots have been proposed to elicit desired emotional responses from users9. The incorporation of personality into robots facilitates human-robot interactions with greater social presence, leading to outcomes such as increased acceptance and heightened emotional engagement during service encounters. Previous research has primarily employed the Big Five model to instill personality in robots10. In contrast, interpersonal theory emphasizes interactions with others rather than internal characteristics11, diverging from the Big Five model. Moreover, the assessment of robot personality has been calibrated using the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI). However, these approaches are limited to the five dimensions of the Big Five Model and tend to concentrate solely on conversational aspects, neglecting the underlying thoughts and decisions. Consequently, it is imperative to develop a personality model for robots that...