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This article offers a critical and reflexive review of the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), tracing its genealogical development from early paradigmatic formulations to its current pluralistic landscape. Beginning with a re-examination of canonical texts and debates-most notably those of Kuhn, Popper, and Merton-it delineates three broad phases: pre-Kuhnian, Mertonian-Kuhnian, and post-Kuhnian STS. The review then shifts towards the contemporary field, examining how feminist, postcolonial, and queer interventions have challenged and reconfigured the epistemological foundations of STS. Special attention is given to the impact of neoliberal globalization and the inclusion of scholars and perspectives from the Global South, which have significantly decentered Euro-American knowledge regimes. Through the dual logics of "difference" and "convergence," the article explores how intersectionality, co-production, and reflexivity serve as central methodological and conceptual tools in contemporary STS research. It also considers the emergence of new methodological clusters-meta-activism, experiments in participation, and boundary-crossing practice-and the broader implications of "making and doing" STS. By situating these developments within broader sociopolitical and institutional transformations, the article foregrounds the dynamic interplay between technoscientific systems and systemic social inequalities. The review concludes by reflecting on the field's open-ended trajectories and argues for a historically grounded, methodologically plural, and politically engaged STS-one attentive to its own conditions of knowledge production. This article is intended as both a critical synthesis and an exploratory resource for scholars seeking to navigate the evolving contours of STS as a reflexive, transdisciplinary, and globally situated field.

Keywords: Science and Technology Studies (STS), genealogy of knowledge, reflexivity, methodological pluralism, epistemic politics.

1. Introduction

The genesis of this review article took place during one of my doctoral comprehensive exams, which concerned the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies, or STS. At a fundamental level, my initial engagement with the landscape of STS was inspired by the structure of the fourth edition of The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Felt et al., 2017), which struck me, a newcomer to the field, as a canonical text. As evidenced by the histories and pathways created by its earlier editions, the handbook has consistently shifted its orientation towards creating a "snapshot" of the field over a period of four decades. From the geopolitical conflicts of the Cold War era that defined the organization of...

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