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Fire is a natural ecological process that has shaped ecosystems for millennia, driving biodiversity and influencing species distributions. While Mediterranean species are well adapted to fire, the resilience of these ecosystems to novel climatic and ecological conditions under global change remains uncertain. This thesis investigates key factors promoting or hindering post-fire recovery, focusing on the iconic Mediterranean serotinous pine Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), whose reproduction is closely tied to fire. Serotiny, the accumulation of a canopy seed bank in woody structures until the heat of fire triggers seed release, is a highly advantageous trait in fire-prone environments, enabling massive recruitment after fires. However, serotiny is only adaptive when fire return intervals fall between the age of reproductive maturity and the plant’s lifespan. Despite its importance, the role of sexual precocity in maintaining populations remains underexplored. This thesis tests the hypothesis that short fire intervals will favor individuals with early reproductive maturity within populations, promoting this trait in the next generations as an adaptive mechanism in response to fires. Our findings show that precocity is strongly linked to local fire activity, with individuals in high-fire frequency areas reaching reproductive maturity earlier than those in low-frequency areas. This earlier reproduction enables greater canopy seed bank accumulation through serotiny, enhancing post-fire regeneration potential. However, serotiny also provides a predictable food source for pre-dispersal seed predators, which can counteract its benefits. Then, in this thesis, we also explore the role of pre-dispersal seed predation in shaping post-fire regeneration potential. Our results indicate that seed predators target highly serotinous individuals, reducing serotiny frequency in populations with high predation pressure. Furthermore, while cone defensive traits evolve to mitigate predation, these adaptations reduce seed production, further limiting the seed bank. In summary, this thesis highlights the role of fire regimes and seed predation as key selective forces shaping the regeneration success of P. halepensis populations in Mediterranean ecosystems. Understanding how these factors act and interact is critical in the current context of global change, as it poses escalating threats, particularly to Mediterranean ecosystems. We aim for this work to inform ecosystem management strategies to enhance the resilience of populations under future climate scenarios.