Morphofunctional characteristics and differences of student-athletes participating in team and cyclic sports

Abstract

The study of using a wide range of diagnostic procedures, combined with a scientific approach to interpreting morphofunctional data, remains relevant for developing programs that support health and improve athletic performance. Purpose: To optimize training sessions for student-athletes in team and cyclic sports, analyze the characteristics and relationships of morphofunctional indicators. Material and methods: The experiment involved 30 student-athletes, divided into three groups: mini-football, basketball, and cyclic sports (swimming, orienteering, track and field). Monitoring parameters included body length, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). Muscle strength was assessed using an electronic wrist dynamometer, while the accuracy of muscle efforts was determined through a calculation method. Autonomic balance was evaluated using a sphygmogram along with time and spectral analyses of heart rate variability (HRV). Respiratory function was examined through a spirometric test using a pneumotachometric sensor. Results: Students engaged in swimming, orienteering, and track and field exhibit higher BMI values. All participants demonstrate high levels of hand strength, neuromuscular function, and neural coordination, as indicated by dynamometry data. In student football players, a reduction in the adaptive reserves of the cardiovascular system is observed, characterized by a moderate predominance of central heart rate regulation and decreased activity of the parasympathetic regulatory pathway. Participants involved in basketball show a decline in the functional state of the respiratory system. Cluster analysis using the hierarchical clustering method reveals a strong association primarily between BMI, HRV indicators, and external respiratory parameters. Conclusions: A direct relationship has been identified between excess body weight and impaired autonomic regulation, along with an inverse relationship with respiratory function volume. These findings highlight the importance of considering BMI in the development of health and preventive programs for student-athletes.