Content area
This article concerns a novel coupled implicit differential system under
1. Introduction
The topic of fractional calculus has expanded from integer order to arbitrary order [1]. This has attracted the interest of many researchers [2,3]. Fractional differential equations () have been used in numerous areas of science, such as physics, engineering, and finance, to represent complex models that exhibit memory effects and nonlocal behavior [4,5,6,7,8].
The -Laplacian operator is an essential tool for modeling nonlinear phenomena in various fields, and its study has led to significant progress in both applied and theoretical mathematics [9]. It has numerous applications in engineering, physics, and mathematics due to its ability to describe real phenomena [10]. Furthermore, its study has presented several mathematical challenges due to its nonlinearity [11].
The nonlinearity acts challenges in the literature studies, such as authors in [12] explored bilinear Bäcklund transformations and various wave solutions, including N-soliton, breather, fission/fusion, and hybrid solutions, for a specific -dimensional integrable wave equation relevant to fluid dynamics. Ref. [13] examined a complex -dimensional shallow water wave equation that evolves, with applications that are relevant to oceans and rivers. Ref. [14] investigated the hetero-Bäcklund transformation, bilinear forms, and multisoliton solutions of a dimensional, generalized, modified, dispersive water wave system. Many research works have investigated , involving the -Laplacian operator [15]. For example, Hasanov [16] studied the global existence of solutions for the initial Caputo fractional Laplacian differential equations with singular points. Ref. [17] applied the existence theorem to the -Caputo fractional Langevin differential system involving the -Laplacian mapping. In addition, Derbazi et al. [18] established some qualitative results for the Caputo hybrid with a -Laplacian mapping. Ref. [19] used the Avery–Peterson fixed point theorem to investigate the existence of positive solutions for the Caputo under some integral boundary conditions involving the -Laplacian operator.
Unbounded solutions often arise in nonlinear ordinary, partial, and fractional differential equations (), as well as multi-order nonlinear problems with excitable behavior [20,21]. Their investigation is of great interest because it provides insights into the stability, limitations, and long-term behavior of dynamical systems [22]. Boutiara et al. [23] studied unbounded solutions of nonlinear fractional q- difference equations using classical fixed point theorems. Luca and Tudorache [21] investigated the existence of unbounded positive solutions for coupled nonlinear involving Hadamard derivatives by employing the Leggett–Williams and Guo–Krasnoselskii fixed point theorems. In 2024, Nyamoradi and Ahmad [24] explored iterative positive solutions for Hadamard with integral boundary conditions on the interval . The authors of [25] discussed the of an unbounded solution for coupled . Furthermore, fixed point theorems have led to researchers studying integral equations and ; we refer readers to the works [26,27,28,29].
In this study, motivated by the aforementioned works, we investigate the qualitative properties of an explicit iterative solution, such as the existence, uniqueness, and stability of various forms of the type, for the following novel coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system with multi-point strip boundary conditions on the unbounded domain :
(1)
where is the -fractional derivatives of order , such that , ; and be an increasing continuous positive function, with Furthermore, and are continuous functions, and is a real space; such that , and , where we adopted the notation . Moreover, the -Laplacian operator is given as , with the inverse operator defined by , such thatThe main contributions of this work are as follows:
A new coupled - fractional implicit differential system is considered, with -Laplacian operator and multi-point strip boundary conditions on unbounded domains.
An applicable Banach space is introduced to allow solutions to be defined on unbounded domains .
The of explicit iterative solution for the proposed system (1) is investigated by employing the Banach fixed point strategy.
Some types of the stabilities are established for the suggested coupled system (1).
The main results are applied to a coupled - fractional turbulent flow model.
The proposed problem is more generalized than those existing in the literature.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the fundamental concepts of fractional calculus. Section 3 explores the outcome through explicit iterations solution and various forms of Ulam stability.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce several essential backgrounds for this research. Consider , which denotes a positive increasing function, and satisfies Now, for the - fractional integral of order is given as follows [30]:
Also, for , the - fractional derivative of order is given by the following [30]:
In addition, the following identities act as examples for the above fractional operators: and
Moreover, the fundamental fractional calculus of - fractional derivative and integral are given as follows [31]:
(2)
for , and .([32]). Let denote the generalized completed metric space, and Ξ be a contractive operator that maps into itself with the Lipschitz constant . If there is , where for at least , then the following identities are fulfilled:
be a convergence sequence tending to a fixed point ;
Ξ owns one fixed point ;
If , then
([33]). Consider denotes the -Laplacian function, so
If and , for every , then
If , for every , then
3. Main Results
This section discusses the of an unbounded explicit iterative solution and stability of Ulam–Hyers–Rassias (). To obtain a suitable analysis, we need to define the following spaces:
which is endowed with the following norms:Similar to Lemma 2.4, [25], we can prove that and are Banach spaces.
Next, we also define the space gifted by the maximum norm which is representing the Banach space as in the works [34,35,36].
The proposed problem (1) can be reduced to the -fractional derivatives sense when and returns to the Hadamard fractional derivatives sense when and reduces to the Katugampola fractional derivatives sense for .
Now, we derive an integral equation that is analogous to the essential coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1). Regarding this, we state the following hypothesis:
The following are satisfied:
andAssume that . If holds. Then, the coupled φ- fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) possesses parallel integral equations given by the following:
(3)
(4)
whereWe start our proof by performing , on both sides of coupled system (1); using the identity (2), we obtain
such that Thus, by applying the conditions , and one finds that andTherefore,
(5)
Next, again performing , on both sides of coupled system (5), we obtain
where . Then, by applying the conditions , and one has that and Therefore, we have(6)
Then,
Also,
and in view of , it follows thatIn what follows, by applying the conditions and we obtain
which implies that(7)
Hence, by substituting the values of into system (6), the required result is proved. □
3.1. Existences and Uniqueness Result
In this subsection, we study the theorem to the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1).
Now, we introduce the following sufficient assumptions:
(AS2) Suppose there exist positive functions , and continuous functions , and , where
(AS3) Suppose there exist positive functions , and continuous functions , and , where
(AS4) Suppose there are constants , and where
Next, in the light of Lemma 2, we introduce the operator as follows:
(8)
where(9)
(10)
Consider the assumptions and hold, and Then,
According to the assumptions and , for each and one has
Furthermore,
Hence,
Similarly, we obtain that
and which proves thatTherefore, we infer the following:
and are continuous on . Thus, □Consider the assumptions – hold, and . If then the coupled φ- fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) possesses exactly one solution on the infinite domain . Additionally, there is an iterative monotone sequence which converges uniformly to on , where
(11)
(12)
Moreover, an estimate of the error for the approximation sequence is given as follows:
First, let us take the operator as defined in (8). Next, we aim to prove the mapping is contractive. Regarding this, by using , for each and we have
(13)
Likewise, one has
(14)
Additionally, in view of and , we establish the boundedness of , and as below:
(15)
and similarly, we find(16)
Next, for simplicity analysis, we take
So, by utilizing inequalities (13) and (15), one has
(17)
and according to inequalities (14) and (16), one finds(18)
Then, due to inequality (17), and , we obtain
Also,
Hence, we infer that
(19)
Likewise, using inequality (18) and , we can also deduce that
which implies that(20)
Hence, using inequalities (19) and (20), we find
(21)
where and since , then the operator bis contractive. Hence, in view of the Banach fixed point result, we infer that has only one fixed point in and acts a solution of the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) on an infinite domain .Moreover, for any , as , where . Furthermore, in view of (21), we obtain
Then, for any k, and , one finds
This shows that, for ,
Hence, the proof is completed. □
3.2. Stability Results
In this section, we are devoting our attention to investigating the stabilities of , and semi- types. For more detail, we refer readers to [37]. We present the beneficial metrics and on the Banach space Furthermore, for non-decreasing continuous mapping , the metric is defined by the following:
Also, for non-increasing continuous mapping , the metric is defined by:
Note that and are metrics on Banach space [38].
In what follows, we investigate the stabilities of the type.
Assume that all assumptions of Theorem 3 are verified. Also, let denote a continuous non-decreasing non-negative function on , verifying that
(22)
and(23)
then there is a solution satisfyingwhich suggests that the coupled φ- fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) allows for a stable type, and, as a consequence is stable. Given that where , , and .We recall the contractive operator defined in (8). In view of metric , and the assumptions –, for any one finds
Also In the same manner, one has Then, we obtainNow, using inequalities (22)–(23), we obtain
(24)
and(25)
Analogously, we also obtain
(26)
(27)
Then, the above inequalities imply that
Thus, by employing Theorem 1, the mapping admits a fixed point , and it follows that
Hence, we infer that the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) is stable. Additionally, when , the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) is called, stable. □
Assume that all assumptions of Theorem 3 are fulfilled. Also, let denote a continuous non-increasing non-negative function on , and for verifying
(28)
and(29)
Then, one has a real number , and a solution satisfyingwhich suggests that the coupled φ- fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) allows for a stable semi- type. where , , and .The producers in Theorem 4 are similar. We define a contractive operator as given in (8). In view of metric , and the assumptions –, we find
Also,
Therefore, we deduce that
Next, based on the positiveness and continuity of a non-increasing function , we obtain
Moreover, through inequalities (28) and (29), one has
(30)
(31)
Through analogue, we also have
(32)
(33)
that yieldHence, according on Theorem 1, the mapping admits a fixed point , and one infers that
Therefore, we deduce that the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (1) is semi--stable. □
4. Application to the Turbulent Flow System
Herein, we present a numerical application to test the strength of our results. Let us consider the following coupled - fractional turbulent flow model:
(34)
Here, , and the appropriate Banach spaces are given by the following:
(35)
(36)
Now, let us choose we obtain
(37)
Then, one can see that
yieldingWe also obtain
and Therefore, we can infer that
Hence, all conditions of Theorem 3 hold. Then, the coupled - fractional Laplacian implicit differential system (34) possesses a unique solution on unbounded domain . Additionally, it has an explicit iterated unbounded solution, represented as follows:
where and are provided in Equation (37).5. Conclusions
In this paper, we aimed to study a new coupled - fractional implicit differential system involving a -Laplacian operator (1) with multi-point strips boundary conditions on unbounded domains . We investigated the sufficient criteria of the of the explicit iterative solution for the suggested system (1), by employing the Banach fixed point strategy. Also, we discussed the different types of stability, such as , , and semi-. Finally, we provided a numerical example of a coupled - fractional turbulent flow model to ensure the validity of our findings.
Writing–original draft: S.T.M.T.; review and editing: H.S., A.M. and H.A.; funding acquisition: H.A.; conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and supervision: K.A., H.A., E.I.H. and A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
No data were used to support the findings of this study.
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP2/458/46.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
1. Zhou, Y. Basic Theory of Fractional Differential Equations; World Scientific: Singapore, 2014; Volume 6
2. Mani, G.; Haque, S.; Gnanaprakasam, A.J.; Ege, O.; Mlaiki, N. The Study of Bicomplex-Valued Controlled Metric Spaces with Applications to Fractional Differential Equations. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 2742. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11122742]
3. Boulares, H.; Moumen, A.; Fernane, K.; Alzabut, J.; Saber, H.; Alraqad, T.; Benaissa, M. On Solutions of Fractional Integrodifferential Systems Involving φ-Caputo Derivative and φ-Riemann–Liouville Fractional Integral. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 1465. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11061465]
4. Wang, X.; Alzabut, J.; Khuddush, M.; Fečkan, M. Solvability of Iterative Classes of Nonlinear Elliptic Equations on an Exterior Domain. Axioms; 2023; 12, 474. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050474]
5. Selvam, A.G.M.; Baleanu, D.; Alzabut, J.; Vignesh, D.; Abbas, S. On Hyers–Ulam Mittag-Leffler stability of discrete fractional Duffing equation with application on inverted pendulum. Adv. Differ. Equations; 2020; 2020, 456. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02920-6]
6. Abdeljawad, T.; Thabet, S.T.M.; Kedim, I.; Vivas-Cortez, M. On a new structure of multi-term Hilfer fractional impulsive neutral Levin-Nohel integrodifferential system with variable time delay. AIMS Math.; 2024; 9, pp. 7372-7395. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2024357]
7. Hamza, A.E.; Osman, O.; Ali, A.; Alsulami, A.; Aldwoah, K.; Mustafa, A.; Saber, H. Fractal-Fractional-Order Modeling of Liver Fibrosis Disease and Its Mathematical Results with Subinterval Transitions. Fractal Fract.; 2024; 8, 638. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8110638]
8. Saber, H.; Almalahi, M.A.; Albala, H.; Aldwoah, K.; Alsulami, A.; Shah, K.; Moumen, A. Investigating a Nonlinear Fractional Evolution Control Model Using W-Piecewise Hybrid Derivatives: An Application of a Breast Cancer Model. Fractal Fract.; 2024; 8, 735. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120735]
9. Srivastava, H.M.; Nain, A.K.; Vats, R.K.; Das, P. A theoretical study of the fractional-order p-Laplacian nonlinear Hadamard type turbulent flow models having the Ulam–Hyers stability. Rev. Real Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fis. Nat. Ser. A-Mat.; 2023; 117, 160. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13398-023-01488-6]
10. Tan, J.; Li, M. Solutions of fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator in Banach spaces. Bound. Value Probl.; 2018; 2018, 15. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-0930-1]
11. Matar, M.M.; Abbas, M.I.; Alzabut, J.; Kaabar, M.K.; Etemad, S.; Rezapour, S. Investigation of the p-Laplacian nonperiodic nonlinear boundary value problem via generalized Caputo fractional derivatives. Adv. Differ. Equ.; 2021; 2021, 68. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03228-9]
12. Feng, C.H.; Tian, B.; Gao, X.Y. Bilinear Bäcklund Transformations, as well as N-Soliton, Breather, Fission/Fusion and Hybrid Solutions for a (3 + 1)-Dimensional Integrable Wave Equation in a Fluid. Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst.; 2025; 24, 100. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12346-025-01241-x]
13. Gao, X.Y. In an Ocean or a River: Bilinear Auto-Bäcklund Transformations and Similarity Reductions on an Extended Time-Dependent (3 + 1)-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave Equation. China Ocean Eng.; 2025; 39, pp. 160-165. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-025-0012-y]
14. Gao, X.-Y. Hetero-Bäcklund transformation, bilinear forms and multi-solitons for a (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized modified dispersive water-wave system for the shallow water. Chin. J. Phys.; 2024; 92, pp. 1233-1239. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2024.10.004]
15. Rezapour, S.; Thabet, S.T.M.; Matar, M.M.; Alzabut, J.; Etemad, S. Some Existence and Stability Criteria to a Generalized FBVP Having Fractional Composite p-Laplacian Operator. J. Funct. Spaces; 2021; 2021, 9554076. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9554076]
16. Hasanov, M. Initial value problems for fractional
17. Lmou, H.; Hilal, K.; Kajouni, A. On a new class of Φ-Caputo-type fractional differential Langevin equations involving the
18. Derbazi, C.; Salim, A.; Hammouche, H.; Benchohra, M. Fractional hybrid differential equations with
19. Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Liu, X.; Jia, M. Positive solutions of fractional
20. Xie, L.; Zhou, J.; Deng, H.; He, Y. Existence and stability of solution for multi-order nonlinear fractional differential equations. AIMS Math.; 2022; 7, pp. 16440-16448. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022899]
21. Luca, R.; Tudorache, A. On a System of Hadamard Fractional Differential Equations with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions on an Infinite Interval. Fractal Fract.; 2023; 7, 458. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7060458]
22. Thabet, S.T.M.; Kedim, I.; Abdeljawad, T. Exploring the solutions of Hilfer delayed Duffing problem on the positive real line. Bound. Value Probl.; 2024; 2024, 95. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13661-024-01903-w]
23. Boutiara, A.; Benbachir, M.; Kaabar, M.K.; Martínez, F.; Samei, M.E.; Kaplan, M. Explicit iteration and unbounded solutions for fractional q–difference equations with boundary conditions on an infinite interval. J. Inequal. Appl.; 2022; 2022, 29. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02764-6]
24. Nyamoradi, N.; Ahmad, B. Hadamard fractional differential equations on an unbounded domain with integro-initial conditions. Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst.; 2024; 23, 183. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12346-024-01044-6]
25. Zhai, C.; Ren, J. A coupled system of fractional differential equations on the half-line. Bound. Value Probl.; 2019; 2019, 117. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-1230-0]
26. Mani, G.; Gnanaprakasam, A.J.; Guran, L.; George, R.; Mitrović, Z.D. Some Results in Fuzzy b-Metric Space with b-Triangular Property and Applications to Fredholm Integral Equations and Dynamic Programming. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 4101. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11194101]
27. Mani, G.; Gnanaprakasam, A.J.; Ege, O.; Aloqaily, A.; Mlaiki, N. Fixed Point Results in C*-Algebra-Valued Partial b-Metric Spaces with Related Application. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 1158. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11051158]
28. Gnanaprakasam, A.J.; Mani, G.; Ege, O.; Aloqaily, A.; Mlaiki, N. New Fixed Point Results in Orthogonal B-Metric Spaces with Related Applications. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 677. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030677]
29. Nallaselli, G.; Gnanaprakasam, A.J.; Mani, G.; Mitrovic, Z.D.; Aloqaily, A.; Mlaiki, N. Integral Equation via Fixed Point Theorems on a New Type of Convex Contraction in b-Metric and 2-Metric Spaces. Mathematics; 2023; 11, 344. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020344]
30. Kilbas, A.A.; Srivastava, H.M.; Trujillo, J.J. Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.
31. Sousa, J.V.d.; de Oliveira, E.C. On the φ-Hilfer fractional derivative. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.; 2018; 60, pp. 72-91. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.01.005]
32. Diaz, J.; Margolis, B. A fixed point theorem of the alternative for contractions on a generalized complete metric space. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.; 1968; 74, pp. 305-309. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9904-1968-11933-0]
33. Khan, H.; Tunc, C.; Chen, W.; Khan, A. Existence theorems and Hyers-Ulam stability for a class of hybrid fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator. J. Appl. Anal. Comput.; 2018; 8, pp. 1211-1226.
34. Su, X. Solutions to boundary value problem of fractional order on unbounded domains in a Banach space. Nonlinear Anal.-Theor.; 2011; 74, pp. 2844-2852. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2011.01.006]
35. Su, X.; Zhang, S. Unbounded solutions to a boundary value problem of fractional order on the halfline. Comput. Math. Appl.; 2011; 61, pp. 1079-1087. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2010.12.058]
36. Kou, C.; Zhou, H.; Yan, Y. Existence of solutions of initial value problems for nonlinear fractional differential equations on the half-axis. Nonlinear Anal.-Theor.; 2011; 74, pp. 5975-5986. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2011.05.074]
37. de Oliveira, E.C.; Sousa, J.V.d. Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for a class of fractional integro-differential equations. Results Math.; 2018; 73, 111. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00025-018-0872-z]
38. Cădariu, L.; Găvruta, L.; Găvruţa, P. Weighted space method for the stability of some nonlinear equations. Appl. Anal. Discr. Math.; 2012; 6, pp. 126-139. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/AADM120309007C]
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.