Content area
Today's society is aging, and according to data from 2021 in the Republic of Croatia, 23% of the population is over 65 years old. Such a demographic composition impacts the biological, psychological, economic, and social aspects of society, requiring older individuals to adapt and become literate in new trends, particularly those related to digital technology and media literacy. The advancement of technology and the internet has brought numerous advantages in information exchange, but it has also led to various negative and unwanted phenomena. For instance, due to the unregulated nature of media and communication, anyone can now easily and swiftly fall victim to false or intentionally manipulated information, specifically misinformation, particularly on social networks. While legal solutions are still being sought for regulating the Internet space, which has evolved beyond state and organizational control in recent years, establishing its own norms, experts are now raising awareness about the media environment and its implications. For this study, a survey was conducted on individuals over 65 years old from Virovitica-Podravina County, with a sample size of 168 respondents, where, based on the conducted research, the profile of the respondents was analyzed using sociodemographic questions, their knowledge of terms related to misinformation and fake news. The main goal was to investigate attitudes towards trust in the media and the news they publish. Based on the obtained results, certain recommendations were given regarding further research and whether the elderly should be educated further regarding misinformation and fake news.
ABSTRACT
Today's society is aging, and according to data from 2021 in the Republic of Croatia, 23% of the population is over 65 years old. Such a demographic composition impacts the biological, psychological, economic, and social aspects of society, requiring older individuals to adapt and become literate in new trends, particularly those related to digital technology and media literacy. The advancement of technology and the internet has brought numerous advantages in information exchange, but it has also led to various negative and unwanted phenomena. For instance, due to the unregulated nature of media and communication, anyone can now easily and swiftly fall victim to false or intentionally manipulated information, specifically misinformation, particularly on social networks. While legal solutions are still being sought for regulating the Internet space, which has evolved beyond state and organizational control in recent years, establishing its own norms, experts are now raising awareness about the media environment and its implications. For this study, a survey was conducted on individuals over 65 years old from Virovitica-Podravina County, with a sample size of 168 respondents, where, based on the conducted research, the profile of the respondents was analyzed using sociodemographic questions, their knowledge of terms related to misinformation and fake news. The main goal was to investigate attitudes towards trust in the media and the news they publish. Based on the obtained results, certain recommendations were given regarding further research and whether the elderly should be educated further regarding misinformation and fake news.
Keywords: elderly individuals, Disinformation , Virovitica-Podravina County
1. INTRODUCTION
In today's digital age, the media plays a key role in shaping the opinions and attitudes of individuals. Given the speed of information dissemination via online platforms and social networks, the issue of trust in the media is becoming increasingly important. Older people, as part of the population facing digital literacy challenges, are often exposed to the risk of fake news and disinformation. According to data from 2021, almost 23% of the population of the Republic of Croatia is over 65 years old, which highlights the importance of understanding their attitudes towards the media. The aim of this paper is to investigate the attitudes of people over 65 years old towards trust in the media and their exposure to disinformation in ViroviticaPodravina County. The paper also addresses the importance of media literacy and the need for educating the elderly to increase their ability to recognize fake news and assess the credibility of information sources. Their attitudes towards different types of media, level of trust, and perception of the dangers of disinformation were analyzed based on a survey conducted on a sample of 168 respondents. Given the demographic situation in Croatia, a large number of media users who require greater attention than before are precisely the "silver surfers" -people over 65-who belong to generations that grew up in a world and time where it was generally known who created the news and information.
However, these learned patterns are now outdated because the world of media has changed drastically compared to that of ten or fifteen years ago. So much so that, for example, we already refer to newspapers, radio, and television as "old media." Of course, if (some) media are old, this does not mean (and must not mean) that the knowledge available to the older population must also be outdated. In fact, it is absolutely necessary to constantly educate ourselves about new or modern media and media platforms. This could involve working on educational initiatives and delivering numerous expert lectures to residents of homes for the elderly and infirm or members of pensioner associations. Practical exercises and tasks, in particular, are of great importance, as they would also encourage media inclusiveness among the elderly. Data from the European Commission's Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) for 2020 (European Commission DESI, 2020) showed that as many as 91% of internet users in Croatia read news online, compared to 72% in the rest of the European Union, placing Croatia in second place, behind Lithuania. The results of the DESI 2022 report (European Commission DESI, 2022) show that Croatia ranks 21st out of 27 EU member states, a slight decline compared to the previous year when it was in 19th place. Positive developments include good results in digital skills and the state of open data at the national level. Croatia is making progress in developing digital skills, as evidenced by the fact that around 63% of citizens possess basic digital skills, placing the country third on the list, while the European average is 54%. Citizens of the third age, who make up a significant part of the Croatian population, contribute significantly to this statistic (the 2021 census determined that the share of the population aged 65+ is almost 23%).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Levak and Zekić Ebarhard (2022) state that it is precisely people aged over 65 who need education as a guide to navigate the current era of abundant information and rapidly evolving technology, which is becoming increasingly difficult to keep up with. While the development of technology and the Internet has brought numerous advantages in transmitting and receiving information, it has also resulted in many negative and unwanted phenomena. For example, due to still unregulated relations in the media and communication fields, today each of us can much more easily and quickly become a victim of false or deliberately manipulated information- more precisely, disinformation. While states and their institutions are still searching for appropriate solutions to regulate the internet space-which, as we can see, has outgrown every state and organization in recent years and established its own rules-experts have begun focusing on media literacy, or more precisely, raising awareness of the media environment, primarily among children and young people who are beginning their independent entry into the world of media. Thus, in recent years, media literacy in Croatia has increasingly been taught and introduced to young people at multiple levels-from kindergartens to schools and universities -through various educational activities and projects (although still mostly outside the formal education system). This should eventually lead to more media-literate generations who are more aware of how they can and should engage with media and the media environment. However, in designing the concept and content of the manual, the authors drew on previous theoretical and practical experiences, knowledge, and materials, primarily acquired and used in the preparation and implementation of two educational projects aimed at improving media literacy among the elderly. Recently, there has been an increasing number of articles and research studies addressing discrimination against older people in the context of modern communication platforms (Levak and Zekić Ebarhard, citing Xu, 2021; Vasil and Wass, 1993) or evaluating how people over 60 or 65 navigate the modern technological environment (Levak and Zekić Ebarhard, citing Dhar, 2017).
This is a logical consequence of current trends in the media environment. The term "silver surfers" can also be found in the literature, referring to older people who use information and communication technologies. According to Eurostat data, in 2016, in some European Union countries, every second person over 64 years of age belonged to the group of silver surfers. Nekic, Tucak Junakovié, and Ambrosi-Randić (2016) showed in their research that silver surfers most often access the internet to read news and other interesting content on portals, chat with friends and relatives via Skype (a platform for instant online correspondence, video chat, or telephone calls), and use social networks such as Facebook. On the other hand, the results of several recent studies (Levak and Zekić Ebarhard, 2022, citing Grinberg et al., 2019; Guess, Nagler, and Tucker, 2019) have warned that older people spread disinformation and fake news significantly more often than younger people-up to seven times more. The most common reason cited is insufficient knowledge of how the internet and social networks work. Furthermore, the question arises: which social networks do seniors use the most? According to Statista.com (2023) for the United States, 88% of people over 65 are present on the internet, a finding also confirmed by research conducted by the AARP Organization (2023). Meanwhile, Pew Research (Faverio, 2022) states that 8% of the population aged 65+ is constantly online. AARP research found that people aged 65+ use Facebook (71%) and YouTube (51%) the most, while Instagram and TikTok have seen a slight rise in usage, and Pinterest has experienced a 5% decline. Telebuh et al. (2016) state that old age and aging have always been subjects of interest, whether from a biological, psychological, social, or economic perspective. The aim of their paper was to show the frequency of internet and social network use among elderly people, which was examined using a questionnaire conducted through random selection in Zagreb, Bjelovar, Nova Gradiska, and the area of Varazdin County, with 46 respondents (28 female and 18 male). The results showed that older people play an important role in the development of stereotypes about older individuals through their attitudes and behavior. They do not use all types of media in their everyday lives, especially newer ones such as the internet and online social networks (only 8.69% stated that they tend to use the internet, while 56.52% reported a very low tendency; social networks are used by only 4.34% of respondents). However, they do consume daily information through local media and television, which plays a major role in shaping their attitudes. The conclusion was that the low use of new forms of media is the result of a worse economic situation and other factors.
3. Disinformation, fake news and trust in the media
Throughout the entire history of human society, the concepts of truth and lies-or in this case, information and misinformation-have been indispensable parts of communication and have thus become essential components of human knowledge. According to Tudman (2008), the information space, or the space of public knowledge, is intertwined not only with relevant information but also with semi-information and disinformation, which then impact society as a whole. Nenadić and Vuékovic (2023) state that disinformation is most often understood as incorrect information intentionally created to mislead the public. It includes any information used to harm a person, organization, social group, state, or goal, often to achieve some interest (e.g., economic or political). The same authors point out that content which is controversial, sensationalistic, surprising, confirms existing beliefs or prejudices, stimulates emotions, or is visually striking captures people's attention more quickly and easily-traits that disinformation often possesses. Such content often appears more attractive than credible information, making it easier for people to notice and share. Tudman (2008:129) explains: "The quality of information is determined by the language of information exchange and the completeness, objectivity, accessibility, and reliability of the information.
If or when some of these conditions are not met, communication errors occur, and incorrect information and/or disinformation are broadcast. It is widely believed that incorrect information is not the result of deliberate disinformation or misinformation. Disinformation is 'produced' with the intention of causing the opponent to change their mind and make decisions and judgments to their own detriment." The decline in the influence of traditional media and the incredible growth in the influence and number of online information sources have created increasing opportunities and tools for the spread of disinformation, making it an extremely effective and inexpensive way to exert influence. Most disinformation has so far been spread in the form of text articles and information, sometimes accompanied by images or audiovisual recordings taken out of context to give them a different meaning or to present them in a misleading light. However, with the advent of advanced image and sound manipulation technologies, disinformation is becoming increasingly convincing, allowing for the creation of entirely false audiovisual content with no basis in reality. Once created, disinformation is rapidly spread and amplified through social networks and other online platforms. Many legitimate sources use computer algorithms to manage the display of information to users, aiming to show each user the content they are most likely to find important and share with others. By facilitating the sharing of information among like-minded individuals, these algorithms indirectly increase opinion polarization and unintentionally strengthen the effects of disinformation. Users gather in interest groups, and by tailoring the content and style of disinformation to align with their beliefs-and because it reaches them through others who share their interests or opinions-disinformation becomes more convincing, and its likelihood of spreading increases (CERT, 2019). Regarding research on trust in the media in Croatia, the last large survey on media habits and trust in the media and journalists was conducted in December 2020 (Media Literacy, 2021) as part of the "Jourlab" project. The data revealed that audiences expect better and higher-quality content from the media but, for the most part, do not trust it. This distrust is also reflected in their attitudes toward politics. A report by the Reuters Institute for Journalism (Perusko, 2021) states that in 2012, citizens' trust in the media increased by 6%, with the two foreign-owned national television stations, Nova TV and RTL, enjoying the highest trust in Croatia. However, a review of available reports and research found no emphasis on older people and their trust in the media, despite the fact that older individuals, along with children and young people, belong to vulnerable population groups.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this paper is to examine the current knowledge of elderly individuals in Virovitica-Podravina County regarding the concepts of disinformation and information, their level of trust in the media, and the content provided through media channels. The main objective is to investigate the trust of people over 65 in the media and to analyze the level of trust that older residents of Virovitica-Podravina County have toward different types of media (traditional media, online media, and social networks). The secondary objectives are:
1. To examine attitudes toward fake news and disinformation (including the perception of older people about the dangers of fake news and disinformation, as well as the extent to which respondents feel exposed to these phenomena).
2. To analyze how respondents perceive the news presented by the media (investigating their opinions on how the media select news, particularly with regard to political preferences and sensationalism).
3. To determine the importance of media literacy education (including examining attitudes toward the need for educating the elderly on recognizing fake news and improving their ability to assess the credibility of information sources).
These objectives are aimed at understanding the perceptions of older people about the media, disinformation and their educational needs in the area of media literacy.
The following research questions emerged from the objectives:
* What are the attitudes of respondents toward trust in the media and the news they disseminate?
* How important do respondents believe education in the area of disinformation and fake news is?
To answer these questions, an empirical study was conducted on a sample of 168 people over 65 years of age from Virovitica-Podravina County. According to the 2021 Census (State Bureau of Statistics, 2021), Virovitica-Podravina County has a total population of 70,368, with 15,446 individuals aged 65 and over, representing 21.95% of the county's population. Data was collected from 1 to 30 June 2024 using a survey method. The data collection form consisted of 8 closed-ended questions and 18 closed-ended statements. Scales were used as a special type of closed-ended question, requiring respondents to express their opinions, attitudes, and feelings based on a five-point Likert scale: completely agree, mostly agree, no specific opinion, mostly disagree, and completely disagree. The questions and statements were grouped according to the research questions. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics.
4.1. Description of the research and sample
The first part of the questionnaire focused on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Of the participants, 61% were women and 39% were men. In terms of age, 22% were aged 65 to 74, 67% were aged 75 to 84, and 11% were aged 85 and over. Regarding education, 11% had completed primary school, 56% had a secondary education, and 33% were highly educated. In terms of marital status, the highest percentage were widows/widowers (56%), while 22% were married and 22% were single. Geographically, most respondents came from urban areas (79%), 6% lived in suburban areas, and 15% lived in rural areas. If a profile of the respondents who participated in this research were to be created, it would describe a female, aged between 75 and 84, with a secondary education, a widow, and living in an urban area. The first part of the survey also sought to determine whether respondents had heard of the term "disinformation." It was found that 94% had heard of it, while 6% had not. Importantly, the survey explored how respondents had encountered the term. The largest percentage (61%) had heard of it through the media (television, radio, newspapers, or internet portals), followed by 22% through private conversations, and 17% through various educational programs and lectures. The survey included 168 older respondents (over 65 years of age) from ViroviticaPodravina County, who expressed their agreement or disagreement with 18 statements (P1, P2, ..., P18) regarding trust in the media and the news they publish, as well as the importance of media literacy education related to disinformation and fake news. The statements are provided in Appendix 1 of this paper. The levels of agreement with the statements were as follows:
1 - I strongly disagree
2 - 1 disagree
3 - I neither agree nor disagree
4 - l agree
5 - I strongly agree
The degrees of agreement with each statement form an interval variable that can take values from 1 to 5.
In accordance with the research questions, the statements can be divided into the following groups:
I1: Trust in the media:
Statements:
P1 1. I believe that I can trust most media.
P2 2. I believe that I can trust the media that I personally use.
P3 3. I believe that I can trust traditional media (e.g. print, television, radio)
P4 4. I believe that I can trust online media (e.g. Internet portals)
P5 5. I believe that I can trust social media (e.g. Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, etc.).
12: Attitudes towards fake news
Statements:
P6 6. I believe that fake news and disinformation are dangerous to others.
P7 7. I believe that I have been exposed to fake news recently.
P8 8. When I think about the news, I personally find it difficult to determine what is true information.
P9 9. I always try to check the accuracy of news and information.
P13 13. Two people can interpret the same news in completely different ways.
I3: News that the media distributes
Claims:
P10 10. Media companies choose to report on topics that will attract the largest audience.
P11 11. Audiences will pay more attention to news that matches their political beliefs.
P12 12. News about conflicts is more likely to attract more attention.
P16 16. The role of the media is to inform citizens about topics that are important to society.
14: The importance of education in the field of disinformation and fake news
Claims:
P14 14. I believe that I have enough skills to evaluate true news.
P15 15. I believe that I have enough skills to evaluate the quality of sources of information.
P17 17. Media literacy is important for critical understanding of news
P18 18. In order to be able to recognize fake news well, we need to educate ourselves on the topic
Based on this, a table was created summarizing the results, grouped into four main categories of statements:
1. Trust in the media (P1-P5)
2. Attitudes about fake news (P6-P9, P13)
3. News that the media distributes (P10-P12, P16)
4. Importance of education (P14, P15, P17, P18)
Table 1 summarizes the key results from the analysis of statements about the attitudes of older people toward the media, fake news, and education.
For all statements, there is a high proportion of respondents who neither agree nor disagree (from 13.69% to 25%). For all statements about trust in the media, over 85% of respondents either do not have an explicit position on trust in the media, or they trust the media (more than 50%) or they trust completely. It is interesting to note that the largest number of respondents (14.29%) do not trust traditional media (print, television, radio). For the second group of statements, which express respondents' positions on fake news, the response frequencies are similar to those for statements about trust in the media. Specifically, 20.24% of respondents completely agree that they have been exposed to fake news in the recent period, and 22.02% of respondents completely agree that, when thinking about the news, it is personally difficult for them to determine what is true information. Regarding the statements about the news that the media distributes, 61.9% of respondents agree and 10.71% strongly agree that the audience pays more attention to news that aligns with their political beliefs. Additionally, 56.14% of respondents agree and 13.69% strongly agree that news about conflicts is more likely to attract attention.
Finally, for the last group of statements about the importance of education in the area of disinformation and fake news, a high percentage of respondents (over 80%) either do not have an explicit position on the importance of education or agree/strongly agree with the importance of education.
4.2. Descriptive statistical measures for summary variables
To gain a better overview of the respondents' views regarding each group of claims (I1, 12, 13, 14), the degrees of agreement for the claims within each group were summed up, and aggregated scores per respondent were calculated. These scores reflect attitudes toward:
1. Trust in the media (11),
2. Attitudes about fake news (12),
3. Attitudes about the news that the media distribute (13), and
4. Attitudes about the importance of education in the field of disinformation and fake news (14).
This process resulted in discrete numerical variables 11, 12, 13, and 14, which can take on values depending on the number of claims they cover. Basic descriptive statistical measures for these variables are given in Table 2.
Table 2 lists the following information for each group of statements:
* The number of associated statements,
* The range of values of the summary variable,
* The median (the value below which 50% of the data falls),
* The mode (the most common value in the data),
* The arithmetic mean,
* The standard deviation (the average deviation from the arithmetic mean),
* Measures of asymmetry (skewness) and flattening (kurtosis) of the distribution, and
* The result of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test), which tests the hypothesis of a normal data distribution.
For all groups of statements, the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicate that the data are not samples from a population with a normal distribution (р < a = 0.05). However, the data distributions are slightly negatively skewed (as indicated by the measure of asymmetry), meaning that higher values are more prevalent in the data. For such distributions, the following relationship holds: Arithmetic Mean < Median < Mode.
If the medians from Table 3 are divided by the corresponding number of claims, the average value of the median per claim for each group of claims can be obtained.
More than 50% of respondents gave an average score of more than 3.8 for the statement about trust in the media. More than 50% of the respondents gave an average rating of more than 3.7 for the statement about the attitude towards fake news. More than 50% of the respondents gave an average score of more than 3.75 for the statement about the news that the media publishes. More than 50% of the respondents gave an average rating for the statement about the importance of education in the field of disinformation and fake news higher than 3.75
4.3. Recommendations for further research
Based on the results of this study and the observed patterns in older adults' attitudes toward the media, fake news, and disinformation, several recommendations for future research can be formulated:
1. Expanding the Geographical Scope of the Study
Future research should cover a wider geographical area to enable comparisons of attitudes toward the media between urban and rural areas. This would help identify specific needs for media literacy in different parts of the country, especially given the differences in access to information and digital resources.
2. Comparing Age Groups
Research involving younger generations, particularly in relation to attitudes toward fake news and trust in the media, could provide deeper insights into the differences between older and younger populations. This would highlight generational differences and the need for tailored approaches to media literacy.
3. Investigating the Impact of Digital Education on Reducing Disinformation
Future studies should investigate the effectiveness of educational programs aimed at older adults in recognizing fake news and disinformation. Using experimental methods, researchers could assess how education contributes to a better understanding of media content and enhances critical thinking.
4. Analysis of Trust in Different Types of Media
Further research should examine in more detail the trust of older people toward different types of media (traditional media, online media, and social networks). This would provide a clearer picture of the specific challenges and risks for older adults regarding misinformation across these media channels.
5. Longitudinal Research on Changes in Attitudes
It is recommended to conduct longitudinal research to monitor changes in the attitudes of older adults toward the media and misinformation over time. Such research would allow for a better understanding of the impact of technological developments and changes in the media landscape on the trust of older people in the media.
These recommendations can help further develop strategies to increase media literacy and reduce exposure to misinformation among the older population.
5. CONCLUSION
With a significant percentage of respondents neither agreeing nor disagreeing with the statements, the majority of older respondents exhibit high trust in the media, despite believing that they have been exposed to fake news recently and finding it difficult to determine what constitutes true information. Additionally, a high percentage of respondents (>50%) believe that the media pander to the audience, with the audience more likely to pay attention to news that aligns with their political beliefs and news about conflicts, which tends to attract more attention.
Respondents value education in the field of disinformation and fake news, yet they also believe they possess sufficient skills to assess the truthfulness of news and the quality of information sources. This may be key to understanding their trust in the media. The survey results show that the majority of older people in Virovitica-Podravina County have a moderately high level of trust in the media, even though they are aware of the presence of fake news and disinformation. Despite this trust, respondents recognize the importance of media literacy education, highlighting the need for further education in recognizing false information. It is particularly notable that respondents perceive the media as often attracting audiences with news that aligns with their political beliefs and sensational topics. Further research should focus on expanding the population sample geographically, as this study primarily included respondents from urban areas. If future research were divided into two criteria-urban and rural areas of ViroviticaPodravina County-with a sample of the same population (65+), and using methods such as analysis of variance, a linear comparison of the relationship between these two criteria could be made. This would confirm or refute whether there are differences in trust in the media and media content among people aged over 65 living in rural areas compared to those in urban areas. The importance of educating older people in digital literacy is crucial for their ability to navigate an increasingly complex media environment. This paper highlights the need to develop programs that enable older individuals to think critically and better filter information, thereby reducing their exposure to misinformation.
LITERATURE:
1. AARP Organisation (2023). 2023 Tech trends and adults 50+. Dostupno na: https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/research/surveys_statistics/technology/2023/2023tech-trends.doi.10.26419-2Fres.00584.001.pdf , (29.6. 2024.)
2. CERT hr (2019). Dezinformacije i propaganda na internetu. Available at: https://www.cert.hr/wpcontent/uploads/2019/03/dezinformacije 1 propaganda na Internetu.pdf, (27.5.2024.)
3. DrZavni zavod za statistiku (2021). Popis stanovnistva 2021. Available at: https://dzs.gov.hr/u-fokusu/popis-2021/88 , (15. 7. 2024.)
4. Farrelly, A. (2020). "Why do so many older adults share and believe fake news". RTE Brainstorm. Available at: : https://www.rte.1e/brainstorm/2020/0817/1159628-fake-newsolder-adults-digital-literacy/, (11.8.2024.)
5. Faverio, M. (2022). 'Share of those 65 and older who are tech users has grown in the past decade'. Pew Research. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/shortreads/2022/01/13/share-of-those-65-and-older-who-are-tech-users-has-grown-in-the-pastdecade/ , (15. 7. 2024.)
6. European Commission (2020). Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020. Available at: https://digital-strategy .ec.europa.eu/hr/library/digital-economy -and-soci ety - index-des1-2022 , 23. 4.2024.
7. European Commission (2022). Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022. Available at: https://digital-strategy .ec.europa.eu/hr/library/digital-economy -and-soci ety - index-desi-2022 , (23. 4. 2024.)
8. Medijska pismenost (2021). Istrazivanje o medijskim navikama i povjerenju и medije i novinare. Available at: https://www.medijskapismenost.hr/istrazivanje-omedijskim-navikama-i-povjerenju-u-medije-i-novinare/ , (4. 10.2024.)
9. Ladieri, A. (2019). 'Study: Older People Are More Susceptible to Fake News, More Likely to Share 1. US News. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2019-01-09/study-older-people-are-moresusceptible-to-fake-news-more-likely-to-share-it , (10. 8. 2024.)
10. Levak, T. 1 Zek1€ Eberhard, N. (2022). Vodiè za srebrne surfere. Zagreb: Agencija za elektronièke medije. Available at: https://www.medijskapismenost.hr/wpcontent/uploads/2022/05/brosura-Vodic-za-srebrne-surfere.pdf , (26. 2. 2024.)
11. Nekic, M., Tucak Junakovié, I. 1 Ambrosi-Randié, N. (2016). 'Koristenje interneta u starijoj dobi: Je li vazno za uspjesno starenje?', Suvremena psihologija, 19(2), str. 179193.193.
12. Nenadié, I. 1 Vuékovié, М. (2023). 'Razlike izmedu dezinformacija, misinformacija 1 malinformacija'. Medijska pismenost. Available at: https://www.medijskapismenost.hr/razlike-izmedu-dezinformacija-misinformacija-imalinformacija, (27.10. 2024.)
13. Ozbek, M.G. i Karas, H. (2022). 'Associations of depressive symptoms and perceived social support with addictive use of social media among elderly people in Turkey", Psychogeriatrics, 22(1), str. 29-37. Available at: https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyg. 12770 , (27. 2.2024.)
14. Perusko, Z. (2012). 'Digital News Report for Croatia'. Reuters Institute. Available at: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021/croatia, (12.7.2024.)
15. Statista.com (2023). 'Share of adults in the United States who use the internet as of September 2023 by age group'. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/266587/percentage-of-internet-users-by-age-groups-inthe-us/ , (30.6.2024.)
16. Telebuh, M., Bertié, Z., Znika, M. i Poljak, D. (2016). 'Utestalost koristenja interneta osoba starije zivotne dobi', Media Culture and Public Relations, 7(2), str. 200-203: Available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/176517 , (26.2.2024.)
17. Tudman, M. (2008). Informacijsko ratiste i informacijska znanost. Zagreb: Hrvatska sveucilisna naklada.
Copyright Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency (VADEA) 2025