Federal Policy on Students Experiencing Homelessness: Early Action for States in Response to Recent Changes. A Bellwether Memo

Abstract

As of the 2022-23 school year (SY), approximately 1.37 million pre-K through Grade 12 students in the United States -- nearly 3% of the total pre-K through Grade 12 population -- were identified as experiencing homelessness. Homelessness affects a diverse range of young people across America. Students experiencing homelessness often face far greater academic, social, emotional, and basic needs challenges than their peers with stable housing. The unpredictability of their living situations can result in frequent school absences and midyear transfers, disrupting both learning and continuity. In SY22-23, nearly half of students experiencing homelessness were chronically absent, missing 10% or more of school days. Housing instability, often coupled with poverty, also increases the risk of food insecurity and makes it more difficult for students to access essential health care. Those experiencing homelessness face a higher likelihood of engaging in substance use and risky sexual behavior, are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts or attempts, and are more frequently exposed to violence compared to their stably housed peers. Ultimately, these intersecting challenges create significant barriers to learning, with students experiencing homelessness consistently scoring lower in reading, math, and science compared to their stably housed peers. The student homeless population is particularly vulnerable, demanding targeted support from local, state, and federal governments. Amid ongoing federal uncertainty, it is more important than ever for state and local leaders to step up and ensure that students experiencing homelessness receive the stability, resources, and educational opportunities they deserve. This memo outlines key policy changes that will impact students experiencing homelessness and options state policymakers should prioritize to support them.