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Abstract

Topological optimization uses two main optimization conditions aimed at achieving the maximum stiffness at minimum weight of the loaded object, while not exceeding the allowable stress. This process naturally creates complex structures with varying degrees of density. There is a certain regularity between the density of the structure and stiffness, with the optimal density being related to the golden ratio. This study contributes to materials modeling and their characterization by introducing a mathematical theory related to the virial theorem as a predictive framework for understanding stiffness–density relationships in additively manufactured structures. The definition of virial stability and the methodology for deriving this stability from the kinetic and potential components of a random signal are introduced. The proposed virial-based model offers a generalizable tool for materials characterization, applicable not only to topological optimization but also to broader areas of materials science and advanced manufacturing.

Details

1009240
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Title
Stiffness and Density Relationships in Additively Manufactured Structures: A Virial Theorem-Based Approach
Author
Stejskal Tomáš 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Maláková Silvia 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lascsáková Marcela 2 ; Frankovský, Peter 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Engineeringfor Design of Machines and Transport Equipment, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna No. 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia; [email protected] 
 Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna No. 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia; [email protected] 
 Department of Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna No. 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia; [email protected] 
Publication title
Materials; Basel
Volume
18
Issue
15
First page
3432
Number of pages
14
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
Place of publication
Basel
Country of publication
Switzerland
Publication subject
e-ISSN
19961944
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
Document type
Journal Article
Publication history
 
 
Online publication date
2025-07-22
Milestone dates
2025-05-28 (Received); 2025-07-19 (Accepted)
Publication history
 
 
   First posting date
22 Jul 2025
ProQuest document ID
3239073363
Document URL
https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/stiffness-density-relationships-additively/docview/3239073363/se-2?accountid=208611
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Last updated
2025-08-13
Database
ProQuest One Academic