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Abstract: Great power competition has escalated globally, making it increasingly important for the Department of Defense (DoD) to adopt artificial intelligence (Al) technologies that are advanced and secure. Large language models (LLMs), which generate text, code, images, and other digital content based on data sets used in training have gained attention for their potential in DoD applications such as data analysis, intelligence processing, and communication. However, due to the complex architecture and extensive data dependency of LLMs, integrating LLMs into defense operations presents unique cybersecurity challenges. These risks, if not properly managed, could pose severe threats to national security and mission integrity. This survey paper categorizes these challenges into vulnerability-centric risks, such as data leakage, and misinformation, and threat-centric risks, including prompt manipulation and data poisoning, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the potential risks of LLMs in DoD settings. Each category is reviewed to identify the primary risks, current mitigation strategies, and potential gaps, ultimately identifying where further research is needed. By summarizing the state of the art in LLM cybersecurity, this paper offers a foundational understanding of LLM security within the DoD. By advocating for a dual approach that considers both the evolving nature of cyber threats and the operational needs of the DoD, it aims to provide actionable recommendations to guide ongoing research in the integration of LLMs to DoD operations.

Keywords: Large language models, Cybersecurity challenges, Department of defense

1. Introduction

The integration of artificial intelligence (Al) into critical operations has transformed numerous sectors, and the Department of Defense (DoD) is no exception. Large language models (LLMs) represent significant advancements in natural language processing (NLP). These models have the potential to revolutionize decision-making processes, intelligence analysis, and communication strategies within the DoD (Caballero & Jenkins, 2024). However, with these opportunities come substantial cybersecurity risks, as the DoD operates in environments with high stakes for national security and sensitive data protection. The expansive capabilities of LLMs also introduce novel vulnerabilities and threats that demand rigorous examination and tailored mitigation strategies (Department of Defense, 2023). While the field of cybersecurity has seen a growing body of research, the application of this work to DoD use cases involves additional layers of complexity. The purpose of this paper is to survey the cybersecurity challenges associated...

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