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To study the transient vibration characteristics of a cylindrical shell under complex conditions, a semi-analytical method is proposed to analyse the transient vibration characteristics of a cylindrical shell structure. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a solution model for cylindrical shell structures under arbitrary boundary conditions is derived. Orthogonal Jacobi polynomials and Fourier series expand the allowable displacement functions of cylindrical shells. Based on Newmark-β, the integral method is used to study the transient vibration characteristics of a cylindrical shell structure. The results indicate that the process in this paper has good convergence and high accuracy. The peak value of the transient vibration response of a cylindrical shell structure decreases with the increase of rigidity and decrease of the boundary condition thickness. The farther the transient load is from the restraint end, the larger the peak value of the transient vibration of the structure.