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Abstract

With the rapid proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), reliable identification based on radio frequency (RF) signals has become increasingly important for both civilian and security applications. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal feature extraction and classification framework based on bispectral analysis. Specifically, bispectral estimation is used to convert one-dimensional RF signals into two-dimensional bispectrum feature maps that capture higher-order spectral characteristics and nonlinear dependencies. Based on these characteristics, a two-stage network was constructed for spatiotemporal feature extraction and classification. The first stage utilizes a ResNet18 network to extract spatial structural features from individual bispectrum maps. The second stage employs an LSTM network to learn temporal dependencies across the sequence of bispectrum maps, capturing the continuity and evolution of signal characteristics over time. The experimental results on a public dataset of UAV RF signals show that this method improves recognition accuracy by 6.78% to 13.89% compared to other existing methods across five categories of UAVs.

Details

1009240
Title
Radio Signal Recognition Using Two-Stage Spatiotemporal Network with Bispectral Analysis
Author
Bai Hongmei 1 ; Li, Siming 2 ; Jia, Yong 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bowen, Xiao 1 

 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; [email protected] (H.B.); [email protected] (Y.J.); [email protected] (B.X.) 
 School of Computer and Cyber Security, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China 
Publication title
Sensors; Basel
Volume
25
Issue
17
First page
5449
Number of pages
20
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
Place of publication
Basel
Country of publication
Switzerland
e-ISSN
14248220
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
Document type
Journal Article
Publication history
 
 
Online publication date
2025-09-03
Milestone dates
2025-06-23 (Received); 2025-08-22 (Accepted)
Publication history
 
 
   First posting date
03 Sep 2025
ProQuest document ID
3249714661
Document URL
https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/radio-signal-recognition-using-two-stage/docview/3249714661/se-2?accountid=208611
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Last updated
2025-09-12
Database
ProQuest One Academic