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Biawak Island, located in Indramayu Regency, West Java, features a significant coastal ecosystem, including mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. This area has been designated as a Regional Marine Conservation Area (RMCA) due to its high natural resource potential. However, the main issues faced are the degradation of mangrove ecosystems and the lack of sustainable management practices. This study aims to analyze the condition of mangrove, coral reef, and seagrass ecosystems on Biawak Island and evaluate the area's suitability for nature-based ecotourism development. Data collection was conducted through field surveys in August 2024, employing the sample plot method for mangroves, the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method for coral reefs, and the quadrat transect method for seagrass. The results indicate that the mangrove ecosystem on Biawak Island is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata (64%), while the coral reef ecosystem shows a live coral cover of 65.3%, reflecting relatively healthy conditions. On the other hand, the seagrass ecosystem demonstrates a very low density, only 5%, dominated by the species Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus f.) Royle, 1839. Tourism suitability analysis reveals that the area holds potential for development as a marine ecotourism destination, although challenges in ecosystem management must be addressed to achieve sustainability. This study highlights the importance of further research on management challenges to support conservation and the sustainable development of ecotourism on Biawak Island.
Abstract. Biawak Island, located in Indramayu Regency, West Java, features a significant coastal ecosystem, including mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. This area has been designated as a Regional Marine Conservation Area (RMCA) due to its high natural resource potential. However, the main issues faced are the degradation of mangrove ecosystems and the lack of sustainable management practices. This study aims to analyze the condition of mangrove, coral reef, and seagrass ecosystems on Biawak Island and evaluate the area's suitability for nature-based ecotourism development. Data collection was conducted through field surveys in August 2024, employing the sample plot method for mangroves, the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method for coral reefs, and the quadrat transect method for seagrass. The results indicate that the mangrove ecosystem on Biawak Island is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata (64%), while the coral reef ecosystem shows a live coral cover of 65.3%, reflecting relatively healthy conditions. On the other hand, the seagrass ecosystem demonstrates a very low density, only 5%, dominated by the species Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus f.) Royle, 1839. Tourism suitability analysis reveals that the area holds potential for development as a marine ecotourism destination, although challenges in ecosystem management must be addressed to achieve sustainability. This study highlights the importance of further research on management challenges to support conservation and the sustainable development of ecotourism on Biawak Island.
Key Words: Biawak Island, conservation, coral reefs, ecotourism, mangrove ecosystems, seagrass beds, sustainability.
Introduction. As a coastal region with vast lowland areas and river estuaries, Indramayu Regency plays a significant role in supporting coastal and marine biodiversity. However, the region also faces mounting environmental pressures, particularly in the degradation of its mangrove ecosystems. The region is recorded as one of the areas with the most severe mangrove forest degradation in West Java Province. A mangrove forest area of 8,023 hectares serves as a protected forest. Based on satellite imagery analysis, the mangrove forest area was recorded at 1,103 hectares in 2008, according to data from the Environmental Management Agency of West Java Province 2008. With proper management efforts, an increase in mangrove forest area should have been observed between 2008 and 2017.
Biawak Island is located offthe coast of the Java Sea, approximately 40 km away. The island spans approximately 1 km from east to west and 0.5 km from north to south. Around 7 km northeast of Biawak Island lies another island with an area of approximately 525 hectares, located north of Indramayu's coast. This island is ring-shaped (an atoll) (Salsabiela et al 2014). The Biawak Island area and its surroundings have been designated as a Regional Marine Conservation Area (RMCA) and a marine tourism site under the decree of the Regent of Indramayu (Ministry of Environment 2004). The RMCA of Biawak Island possesses significant natural resource potential, including mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems (Salsabiela 2017). The coastal conditions of Biawak Island are favorable for the growth and development of ecosystems, including mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs, and their associated organisms. Biawak Island is classified as a Nature Conservation Area, designated as a Cultural Heritage and Science Zone (Nurulita 2018).
Currently, the management of Biawak Island is limited to the determination of the area's status and ecological studies on the surrounding coastal resources. No carrying capacity analysis of the coastal zone or integration of ecological conditions with existing utilization in the conservation area has been conducted. Another issue on Biawak Island is the lack of studies on management challenges. Such studies are a critical component of efforts to achieve sustainable management (Pratikto & Munasik 2014). The management of an area encompasses all aspects related to the management of natural resources, the environment, and human activities in a specific region (Peranginangin 2014). In this context, strengthening area-based management becomes essential. Protected areas are a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation and are also important for delivering ecosystem services and supporting human well-being (Worboys 2015). Therefore, advancing the management capacity of Biawak Island through integrative and science-based approaches is crucial to ensure the long-term sustainability of its coastal and marine ecosystems.
The importance of studying management challenges for achieving sustainability lies in the following aspects:
1. Understanding the complexity of ecological systems;
2. Identifying threats and risks;
3. Planning effective management strategies;
4. Making evidence-based decisions;
5. Encouraging stakeholder engagement;
6. Securing resources for future generations.
By understanding the challenges faced in area management, we can develop more effective and sustainable strategies to protect and wisely utilize natural resources (Salsabiela et al 2014). Based on the issues mentioned above, a long-term comprehensive study is needed to guide the sustainable management of Biawak Island's conservation area.
Ecotourism is a concept that seeks to fulfill the desire and satisfaction of experiencing nature, exploit natural tourism for conservation and development purposes, and prevent the negative impacts of such tourism activities on nature. Ecotourism development prioritizes markets, nature-based tourism, natural resource management, and local wisdom. Ecotourism utilizes natural and community services, aiming to provide satisfaction both physically and materially while minimizing the likelihood of natural resource exploitation. The local government must coordinate with the community to meet the infrastructure and facilities needed for ecotourism. Utilizing mangrove ecosystems for ecotourism is also an effort to minimize mangrove ecosystem damage and ensure sustainable environmental resource conservation (Nanda et al 2020).
This study aims to assess the current status of coastal ecosystems in Biawak Island, specifically focusing on coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests. A comprehensive understanding of these ecosystems is essential to inform evidence-based strategies for conservation and sustainable management. The results of this assessment are expected to serve as a scientific foundation for enhancing ecosystem resilience, preserving biodiversity, and supporting the long-term socio-economic well-being of coastal communities.
Material and Method
Study sites. This study was conducted on Biawak Island, located in Indramayu Regency, West Java, approximately 40 km offthe coast of the Java Sea. Fieldwork was carried out from August 28 to 30, 2024, at two observation stations. The island features diverse ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds, which are critical to its ecological balance and tourism potential.
Mangrove ecosystem. The mangrove ecosystem was assessed using a sample plot method. Observations were made across three plot sizes: 10 x 10 m for mature trees with diameters of ≥ 4 cm, 5 x 5 m for saplings with diameters ranging from 1 to 4 cm, and 1 x 1 m for seedlings with diameters of < 1 cm.
Coraf reef ecosystem. Key environmental parameters, such as water temperature, salinity, and substrate type, were also recorded to evaluate the overall health and structure of the mangrove habitat. The coral reef ecosystem was surveyed using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. A 50 m transect line was laid parallel to the shoreline at depths between 6 and 7 m. Coral lifeforms and substrates along the transect were photographed and analyzed using CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel Extension) software to determine live coral cover and substrate composition. The seagrass ecosystem was evaluated through quadrat transect sampling.
Seagrass ecosystem. Researchers measured the percentage cover and species density within quadrats to assess seagrass health and distribution. The dominant species observed was Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus f.) Royle, 1839, although its density was critically low. Tourism suitability was analyzed by integrating ecological and physical parameters such as mangrove thickness, coral reef cover, and seagrass density. Each parameter was scored based on its contribution to tourism activities, with suitability categorized as highly suitable, suitable, marginally suitable, or not suitable for ecotourism development.
Result and Discussion
Mangrove ecosystem. The mangrove ecosystem on Biawak Island primarily comprises naturally occurring mangrove forests, with minimal regeneration observed in terms of young mangroves. This study identified six dominant mangrove species within the area: Rhizophora mucronata Poir., Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam., Avicennia lanata Ridl., Sonneratia alba Sm. Among these, Rhizophora mucronata was the most prevalent species, accounting for 45% of the total coverage, followed by R. stylosa (22%), R. apiculata (10%), B. gymnorrhiza (8%), A. lanata (8%), and S. alba (7%) (Table 1).
The natural distribution of mangroves on Biawak Island is influenced by substrate type, tidal range, and salinity levels. Sandy substrates are particularly suitable for R. mucronata, promoting its dominance in the area. Additionally, salinity levels between 31 and 36 ppt provide optimal conditions for the growth of this species, as only a limited range of mangroves can tolerate high salinity levels. Mangrove thickness on Biawak Island ranges from 56 to 129 m. Measurements were conducted using Google Earth imagery, taken from the seaward edge of mangrove vegetation to the landward boundary. The maximum recorded thickness was 129 m. This parameter is significant for determining the island's suitability for ecotourism. Mangrove thickness not only facilitates ecotourism activities such as mangrove tracking but also serves as a natural wave barrier. Furthermore, it contributes to organic matter production from mangrove litter, which is a primary resource within the ecosystem's food chain.
The highest recorded mangrove density on Biawak Island was 28 individuals m-2, while the lowest was 10 individuals m-2. Mangroves located in the western part of the island, farthest from the coastline, exhibited healthier growth due to reduced environmental stress. Mangrove density significantly impacts associated fauna, as denser mangroves provide better nursery and spawning grounds for various species such as shrimp, fish, and bivalves. The mangrove ecosystem on Biawak Island remains in relatively good condition, as evidenced by the presence of various associated biota. Juvenile fish were frequently observed within the mangrove areas, indicating that the ecosystem still functions effectively as a spawning ground. The mangrove ecosystem also hosts diverse associated species, including reptiles, crustaceans, mollusks, and fish (Table 2).
The mangrove ecosystem plays a critical role as a feeding ground, spawning ground, and nursery ground for various associated biota such as fish, shrimp, birds, mollusks, and crabs. These unique characteristics underscore the potential for mangrove ecosystems to be developed as eco-tourism destinations.
The results of this study indicate that the waters of Biawak Island possess considerable potential for marine conservation, as evidenced by the biophysical characteristics and ecological functions of its coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove ecosystems. Spatial suitability analysis showed that a significant portion of the area fell into the "very suitable" category for marine conservation purposes. The mangrove ecosystem on Biawak Island was categorized as "suitable" for marine conservation, although it did not reach the "very suitable" classification due to limitations in spatial coverage, fragmentation, and lower canopy density in some sections. Despite these limitations, the mangrove area holds significant ecological and conservation value, especially when viewed through the lens of landscape connectivity and ecosystem services.
The mangrove species composition on Biawak Island is dominated by R. mucronata, accounting for 45% of the total dominance. This supports the statement by (Wong 1993) that Rhizophora belongs to the category of obligate halophytes, meaning they can survive in water with salinity concentrations of up to 50%. This ability is attributed to their natural habitat in coastal and estuarine areas, where they are regularly inundated by seawater (Ward et al 2016). The dominant species identified, namely R. mucronata, is are pioneer species that commonly occupies intertidal zones in tropical coastal areas. Their presence indicates the ecosystem's resilience and potential for natural regeneration, particularly in sediment-rich areas. Rhizophora species are known for their complex above-ground root systems that trap sediments, reduce coastal erosion, and provide structural habitat for juvenile fish, crustaceans, and mollusks (McLeod & Salm 2006; Asari et al 2021)
Although the mangrove thickness on Biawak Island is not as extensive as in other Indonesian mangrove-rich regions, such as Kalimantan or Papua, its existence on a small island ecosystem like Biawak is strategically important. According to Salsabilla (2020), the ecological linkage between mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs enhances fish productivity and supports trophic transfer across marine ecosystems. Furthermore, the presence of mangroves in proximity to seagrass and coral reef ecosystems in Biawak Island supports the concept of seascape-level conservation. Overall, while the mangrove ecosystems of Biawak Island may be limited to a certain extent, their ecological functions, species composition, and strategic location contribute meaningfully to the integrity of the island's marine ecosystem.
Coral reef ecosystem. Based on the "Substrate Coverage" graph, the underwater substrate at the observation site is predominantly covered by live hard coral, which accounts for approximately 65.30% of the total area. This high percentage indicates that the coral reef ecosystem in the area is in good condition, as high live coral cover generally reflects a healthy ecosystem. Other substrates observed include recently dead coral (26%), which is noteworthy as it may indicate environmental stress, changes in water quality, or human activities impacting the ecosystem.
The coral reef ecosystem around Biawak Island was identified as having high suitability for conservation, particularly in the northern and northeastern coastal waters. The surveyed areas exhibited high live coral cover and well-preserved reef structures, which are known to provide essential habitat complexity that supports diverse assemblages of marine organisms and contributes to overall reef resilience (Alvarez-Filip et al 2009; Graham et al 2011). According to the Ministry of Environment (2001), live coral cover ranging from 50 to 74.9% is categorized as "good," indicating that the coral reef ecosystem in the waters surrounding Biawak Island is in favorable condition.
Additional substrate types, such as softcoral, sponges, macroalgae, and sand, were observed in smaller proportions and were evenly distributed. The low percentage of rubble and sand suggests minimal physical erosion or damage to the coral reef in this area. The hard coral cover graph indicates that Branching Acropora corals are the predominant growth form in the waters of Biawak Island, constituting approximately 21.90% of the total coral cover. This dominance suggests that the environmental conditions in the area, such as optimal water currents and sufficient light availability, are conducive to the proliferation of branching corals. Branching Acropora corals are known for their rapid growth and ability to form complex three-dimensional structures, which support high levels of biodiversity and serve as crucial habitats for many reef-associated species (Johnson et al 2011).
In contrast, submassive and encrusting coral forms are present in lower percentages. Although less dominant, these morphotypes play a vital ecological role. Encrusting corals contribute to the stabilization of reef substrates, facilitating larval settlement and overall reef persistence (Mallela 2007), while submassive corals, with their sturdy structures, are more resistant to mechanical damage such as wave impacts, thereby enhancing reef durability under physical stress (Perry et al 2021).
The coexistence of these various coral morphologies reflects a structurally diverse and ecologically balanced reef system. Such morphological diversity is critical to maintaining ecological functions, resilience, and the long-term sustainability of coral reef ecosystems (Johnson et al 2011; Perry et al 2021).
The dominance of hard coral genera graph shows that Acropora dominated the coral community in Biawak Island, accounting for nearly 60% of the total coral area. This high dominance suggests that Acropora thrives under local environmental conditions and has a significant role in shaping reef architecture. Similar findings were reported by Yudha (2019), where reefs within managed zones, especially those dominated by Acropora, supported higher reef fish diversity due to their complex structures. Acropora species are known for their fast growth rates and their ability to construct intricate three-dimensional frameworks, which are essential for providing habitats to a diverse array of marine organisms, thereby enhancing reef biodiversity and resilience (Johnson et al 2011).
Other genera, such as Montipora and Porites, contributed to the coral cover but to a lesser extent. Montipora species exhibit various growth forms, including encrusting and plating types, and play a role in reef-building by adding to the structural complexity of the reef (Veron 2000). Meanwhile, Porites species are known for their massive and robust skeletal structures that contribute to long-term reef accretion and offer resistance against environmental disturbances (Hughes et al 2018). The relatively low coverage of genera like Coeloseris, Favia, and Pavona (below 5%) suggests moderate coral diversity, yet still contributes to reef complexity and ecosystem stability. Although these genera are less dominant, they contribute to the overall diversity and functional redundancy of the reef ecosystem, which is crucial for maintaining ecological stability and resilience under stress (Darling et al 2012). According to Fahlevy et al (2018), reef depth and structural complexity directly influence reef fish communities, with shallow and structurally diverse coral habitats supporting greater species richness and abundance. These patterns emphasize the ecological importance of Acropora-dominated reefs in supporting habitat complexity, trophic interactions, and biodiversity conservation in coral ecosystems such as those in Biawak Island.
While Acropora's dominance highlights its ecological importance, it also suggests a potential vulnerability, as this genus is often more sensitive to bleaching and physical damage. Nonetheless, some Acropora populations may possess adaptive capacities to thermal stress, offering hope for their persistence under changing climate conditions (Palumbi et al 2014). Maintaining a diverse coral assemblage, therefore, remains essential for sustaining the ecological functions and structural complexity of coral reefs.
Seagrass ecosystem. The seagrass ecosystem on Biawak Island is currently in poor condition, with an observed density of only 5%. Based on the Ministry of Environment (2004), this level is categorized as "poor" or "unhealthy". This finding aligns with previous research indicating that seagrass density in the area has historically ranged between 5% and 10%. Low density may be attributed to various unfavorable factors such as fragmented coral substrates, suboptimal water quality, changes in hydrodynamic patterns, or anthropogenic disturbances, including coastal development, destructive fishing practices, and sedimentation; all of which are known to negatively impact seagrass health and distribution (Waycott et al 2009; Unsworth et al 2018).
The seagrass community on Biawak Island showed limited species richness, with only one species, E. acoroides, recorded during field observations. While E. acoroides is a robust and dominant species that can tolerate high-energy environments due to its large size and strong root system (Short et al 2011), its sole dominance indicates a lack of ecological diversity. Low species diversity can reduce the functional resilience of the ecosystem, as different seagrass species provide complementary roles in supporting habitat structure, nutrient cycling, and faunal assemblages (Orth et al 2006).
Based on these findings, the seagrass ecosystem in Biawak Island can be classified as having low to moderate conservation value, due to both its limited spatial extent and low species diversity. As part of conservation and restoration strategies, rehabilitation programs such as seagrass transplantation are recommended. Strategic site selection should focus on areas with muddy substrates, which are conducive for seagrass establishment, particularly for E. acoroides that require stable sediment to anchor its long rhizomes (Duarte et al 1997). Effective transplantation also depends on ensuring adequate light availability, suitable water depth, and favorable water quality (Fonseca et al 1998). When implemented correctly, these restoration efforts could enhance biodiversity, improve habitat complexity, and promote ecosystem resilience in Biawak Island's coastal habitats.
Conclusions. This study provides an integrated baseline assessment of the coastal ecosystems of Biawak Island, covering coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests. The coral reef ecosystem is relatively healthy, characterized by diverse growth forms and genera, with Acropora. dominating the substrate and contributing to reef complexity and ecological resilience. In contrast, the seagrass beds are in poor condition, with low density (5%) and limited species diversity (Enhalus acoroides), indicating the need for targeted rehabilitation. The mangrove ecosystem, although spatially fragmented and exhibiting limited regeneration, remains ecologically significant. Dominated by Rizhophora mucronata (45%), it provides essential ecosystem services such as sediment stabilization, habitat provisioning for juvenile biota, and coastal protection. The moderate canopy width and species diversity underscore its role in supporting trophic connectivity across reefseagrass- mangrove systems. Collectively, these findings highlight the ecological value of Biawak Island's coastal ecosystems and support the need for integrated conservation and sustainable management strategies to enhance environmental resilience and community well-being.
Acknowledgements. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all parties who contributed to the successful completion of this research. Special thanks are extended to BIMA Kemdikbudristek for the research funding support and to the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences for providing the necessary equipment and logistical assistance. We also deeply appreciate the dedication of all individuals and collaborators who assisted in data collection, fieldwork, and the preparation of research outputs. Their support and cooperation were invaluable throughout the entire research process.
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