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The Internet Of Things (IoT) is spreading rapidly across multiple sectors, bringing efficiency and energy savings to businesses and revolutionizing the way we communicate with low-cost computing. One very important use case for this technology is seaports, optimizing their operations and simultaneously reducing their overall costs. As with most devices, these systems need security to protect transmitted data from tampering and disclosure so this thesis will focus on evaluating lightweight encryption solutions, measuring and comparing both their performance and security to define specific guidelines for their usage in resource-constrained devices, with some contributions to the seaport environment. This work also gives a brief background on topics like encryption, block ciphers, and different specifications of lightweight algorithms, providing several low-resource devices, namely Arduino Uno, several Raspberry Pi devices, and ESP-family hardware, which are widely used in these IoT scenarios to assess their performance.
Furthermore, it also analyzes three transmission protocols that are used in these environments to transfer data between these devices, namely Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ESP-Now. To complement this, a literature review was conducted to provide context into the current state-of-the-art on the topics of seaport and encryption usage, as well as to define the methodology and subsequent metrics on which we can perform the comparisons and thus objectively propose the best solutions. Afterward, a practical assessment was performed following the methodology chosen, which determined that TEA, XTEA, and ASCON are, on average, the most efficient ciphers when it comes to speed, memory, and power consumption, with AES-128 also working as a viable solution given its stature as a highly used and standardized algorithm with decent performance. Furthermore, from the transmission standards gathered, we can conclude that Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is by far the most power efficient, however, it has a limited range that hinders its usability for any long-range communications, with ESP-Now and Wi-Fi offering competitive solutions if power saving is not critical and a medium to long range is desirable. To conclude, scenarios that fit both into the IoT and seaport use cases were defined to suggest the best possible solutions for different situations, most originating from the state-of-the-art analysis.