Content area
Synchronous motors are pivotal to modern industrial systems, particularly those aligned with Industry 4.0 initiatives, due to their high precision, reliability, and energy efficiency. This review systematically examines fault detection and diagnostic techniques for synchronous motors from 2021 to 2025, emphasizing recent methodological innovations. A PRISMA-guided literature survey combined with scientometric analysis via VOSviewer 1.6.20 highlights growing reliance on data-driven approaches, especially deep learning models such as CNNs, RNNs, and hybrid ensembles. Model-based and hybrid techniques are also explored for their interpretability and robustness. Cross-domain methods, including acoustic and flux-based diagnostics, offer non-invasive alternatives with promising diagnostic accuracy. Key challenges persist, including data imbalance, non-stationary operating conditions, and limited real-world generalization. Emerging trends in sensor fusion, digital twins, and explainable AI suggest a shift toward scalable, real-time fault monitoring. This review consolidates theoretical frameworks, comparative analyses, and application-oriented insights, ultimately contributing to the advancement of predictive maintenance and fault-tolerant control in synchronous motor systems.
Details
Datasets;
Deep learning;
Wavelet transforms;
Trends;
Optimization techniques;
Fault tolerance;
Signal processing;
Industry 4.0;
Machine learning;
Fault detection;
Explainable artificial intelligence;
Efficiency;
Literature reviews;
Motors;
Embedded systems;
Scientometrics;
Fault diagnosis;
Maintenance costs;
Neural networks;
Classification;
Digital twins;
Industrial applications;
Algorithms;
Real time;
Predictive maintenance
; Gabriel-Vasile, Iana 3
; Bogdan-Valentin, Vasilică 4 1 Doctoral School of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
2 Doctoral School of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania, Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitești University Centre, 1 Târgul din Vale, 110040 Pitești, Romania; [email protected], ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
3 Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitești University Centre, 1 Târgul din Vale, 110040 Pitești, Romania; [email protected], Power Electronics R&D Department, Mira Technologies Group, Bucharest, Romania, Research & Development Centre, 164 Ciorogârlei Street, Joița, 087151 Giurgiu, Romania
4 Department of Automation and Industrial Informatics, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected]