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In 1974, the Carnation Revolution brought an end to the dictatorship of the Estado Novo– and with it a state censorship apparatus that controlled all cultural products, including international film productions that were to be shown in the Portuguese cinema halls. In Portugal, foreign films are traditionally subtitled, which means that the subtitles could contain ideas from abroad that were considered offensive to the official ideology. Consequently, the translation was also scrutinised by the censors.
Significant research has been developed on film censorship in Portugal in general, as well as dubbing, for example in Spain, where the dictator Francisco Franco had installed a comparable regime with similar censorship principles. Censorship of other types of translation has proved to be of interest to translation scholars, but the manipulation of subtitles is a relatively unexplored research field.
However, the ideological manipulation of subtitles cannot be viewed alone. If we want to understand the impact of censorship on the message of a film, three censorship measures must be taken into account: cuts, the omission of subtitles and the alteration of subtitles at the text level. Regarding the latter, to distinguish between legitimate deviations from the original spoken dialogue, errors and ideological manipulation, the analyst needs to be aware of the context and the dominant ideology.
Using the example of thirteen English-language films, the aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that subtitles were manipulated for ideological reasons under a repressive regime and how this happened in practice. Given the fact that this work is one of the first comprehensive investigations into the ideological manipulation of subtitles, it not only aims to contribute to research on film censorship in Portugal, but also to audiovisual translation history. Apart from this, it has led to the development of an analytical model which may inspire future research projects on similar corpora and contexts.