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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential for a successful energy transition. However, the thermal runaway (in German thermisches Durchgehen, TD) of LIBs poses a signifcant safety risk. In particular, regulating the transportation of damaged LIBs is a major challenge for the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Thus, the development of a transportation option that completely suppresses TD is of high interest.
Herein, the infuence of low temperatures on the inertization of LIB-cells is investigated. In order to induce a critical damage at defned low temperatures, a high-precision nail penetration tool was developed, which also allows rapid freezing of LIB cells during nail penetration (NP). In the NP-tests, both the infuence of the cell parameters and the infuence of the test conditions, such as nail geometry and speed, on the TD-parameters are discussed in detail.
During NP-tests at -80 °C, none of the LIB-cells investigated reveal any self-heating. This indicates complete inertization of the cells. A subsequent analysis of the thawing behavior allows to determine the so-called cell-specific initial reaction temperature (IRT), at which an initial self-heating can be detected. Intriguingly, it is possible to generate critically defective but functional cells by removing the nail before rethermalization to room temperature. These cells apparently showed only a locally restricted TD. Furthermore, in-situ synchrotron X-ray tomography studies establish a link between specific voltage signals and local TD-reactions in critically damaged LIB-cells. Based on the NP experiments, a non-destructive test was developed to determine the IRT. Further investigations revealed that there is a generally valid correlation between the IRT and the conductivity of the respective LIB-cell.
Overall, this work provides the basis for realizing a safe, yet economical cooled transport of LIBs in the future.