Signal Information in the Internet Portal Akustika (Russian-Language Sources)

Abstract

Signal information is provided to promptly familiarize researchers with the current state of a particular field of science and the recent scientific literature, whether this refers to books, magazines, conference proceedings, or patent documentation. The development of the information product Signal Information, included in the internet portal Akustika (http://akinfo.ru/), is described.

INTRODUCTION

For decades, scientists in Russia have been reading the VINITIAbstract Journal (AJ), which publishes up-to-date information on articles from scientific journals, books, proceedings of scientific conferences, patent documents, preprints, and abstracts of dissertations published in Russia and abroad in dozens of languages. The combined volumes and individual issues of AJ were widely subscribed, including by organizations in other countries (such as university libraries, institutes, and information agencies). VINITIAJ was so popular that in the late 1950s, a number of American firms approached the institute with a proposal to fully translate it into English [1]. We draw attention to this to once again remember the initiator of the publication of the AJ in our country, Academician A.N. Nesmeyanov, long-term director of VINITI, Professor A.I. Mikhailov, who created the science of informatics together with Professors R.S. Gilyarevsky and A.I. Cherny, and to express our nostalgic feelings for that time, the golden age of VINITI and VINITIAJ. It is interesting to note that during those years, the proposal to allocate the institute its own aircraft to speed up the delivery of printed materials from abroad was seriously considered [2].

Many researchers in our country were part-time employees of VINITI, in the capacity of editors and authors of abstracts. They worked not only for additional income, but also, first and foremost, for the opportunity to read in the original publications from foreign sources that were not included in the libraries of their institutions, preprints, patent documents, and articles from small-circulation journals published by various scientific and educational organizations in our country. AJ promptly provided information on the Russian-language portion of scientific products and in relation to foreign products, it provided it about articles that could be obtained by ordering copies from the Center for Information Support of Scientific and Technical Information of VINITI (ZIONT) [3]. From 1974 to 1984, ZIONT produced 210 million pages of copies of primary sources.

During the late 1980s, the Consolidated Volume of VINITIAJPhysics annually reflected more than 100 thousand documents, of which approximately one-fifth were Russian-language sources. This demonstrated the relationship in physics between domestic and foreign scientific information. Data concerning the submission of articles on physics by Russian authors in the WoS Core Collection database (DB) for 2015–2019 (taken from the Clarivate website) are presented in Table 1. In this period, the share of publications by Russian scientists in AJ averaged 6.5%, ranging from 2.8% in acoustics to 11.9% in nuclear physics. Over time, the number of scientific journals publishing on physics has not decreased, but across the global scientific community, the representation of Russian publications has been limited to translated versions, and there are few of these. For example, in acoustics, only articles from Acoustic Journal can be found in Acoustical Physics. It appears that the case of the completeness of reflection of Russian-language scientific information in DBs, not only in the WoS Core Collection, has become much more acute.

Table 1.  . Subject areas of physics according to the WoS Core Collection classification for 2015–2019

Subject category	Number of articles RU	Total number of articles	Share of articles RU, %
Acoustics	787	27 881	2.82
Astronomy and astrophysics	8352	106 427	7.85
Biophysics	1768	60 954	2.90
Crystallography	2331	34 565	6.74
Mechanics	6047	124 338	4.86
Nuclear science and technology	2650	47 602	5.57
Optics	8605	147 123	5.85
Physics, applied	16 523	336 349	4.91
Physics, atomic, molecular and chemical	4836	86 257	5.61
Physics of condensed matter	10 735	157 558	6.81
Physics of liquids and plasma	4269	48 618	8.78
Physics, mathematics	4163	54 398	7.65
Physics, interdisciplinary works	16 770	311 712	5.38
Physics, nuclear	4009	33 673	11.91
Physics, particles and fields	7162	63 059	11.36
Spectroscopy	2604	36 071	7.22
Thermodynamics	3364	80 903	4.16

Beginning in the mid-1950s, many new scientific journals appeared, including those published by the USSR Academy of Sciences; and among them, beginning in 1955, has been Acoustic Journal, using the example of which we previously described the main aspects of technology for the creation of full-text archives of scientific journals [4–6] in the form of converting them into a digital form and presenting them on the internet. It should be noted that, in the technology of publishing printed magazines, significant time was, and still is, taken up by the technical side, consisting of both preparing the manuscript for printing and duplication. The period from the moment that the manuscript was submitted to the editor until it was published in printed form in the journal was often significantly more than a year. Thus, for the Acoustic Journal, the average time it took for a manuscript to be processed could be as long as 16 months, and for some publications, it was almost a year and a half or even much more (Fig. 1).

[See PDF for image]

Fig. 1.

Average time taken by the editorial and publishing process in Acoustic Journal in 1955–2023.

We note that over the past few years, the editorial board of the journal has tried not to go beyond 1 year from receiving an article to its publication. This is a consequence of the use of modern technologies in the publishing process.

This delay in the publication of articles is unpleasant, but it can be put up with, and it was put up with. Conferences, seminars, and thematic hearings were held, where the participants could provide preliminary information about their work—raw, not always complete, but almost always fresh. The publication of abstracts of reports confirmed this priority and also allowed us to speak of prepublication. It was not always in this form that the abstracts of reports appeared in the scientific journal; it happened that the results and conclusions of such a publication differed greatly from those in a report previously presented at the conference, but it still produced an “output.” First of all, it served as an introduction to the author and his research and then as a discussion of it with colleagues working on similar problems. However, all this did not change the author’s dissatisfaction: the manuscript was prepared, sent to the editorial office of the journal, there was a waiting period, the layout was read, and the publication of the journal still took many more months. This did not satisfy the subscribers either, who rightly believed that this a delay could be eliminated by improving the technological process, and not just the work of the delivery service—the country’s post office.

That is why, as a palliative measure, the idea emerged of publishing journal contents as signal information (SI) bulletins for prompt presentation of bibliographic descriptions, and later also article abstracts of current issues. SI was initially intended to quickly familiarize readers with articles in scientific journals that had not yet been published but had received approval to print.

This idea could have been implemented, but it would have required journals to form a branch of their main publishing process, i.e., add effort and incur material costs. It was therefore natural to concentrate journals on thematic areas. However, this largely negated the acceleration of the publication of this SI that had originally planned—the first journal had to wait for the last one. At VINITI, SI bulletins were published in 1967–1980 and were discontinued due to a change in the preparation technology, as they had turned into bibliographic versions of the corresponding issues of the AJ, often published after the publication of AJ. However, for some time, subscriptions to these bulletins were available, they were much cheaper, and thus organizations could expand the list of subscribed publications.

However, at present, given the current level of technological development, it makes sense to return to the release of SI bulletins. If the process of publishing scientific literature is properly organized, then bulletins of SI, together with scientific and abstract journals, could well become an integral part of the triad that we propose (scientific journal, SI, and information retrieval system) as the basis of information support for the scientific environment [3]. This idea is not new, but its implementation in the printing era was difficult.

Partial implementation of SI bulletins in the country was ongoing as late as the 1990s, but this did not produce a satisfactory reduction in the given timeframe. Now it seems to us that it would have been possible to act more radically and not wait for the approval to print but to put out issues immediately after the article was accepted by the editorial board of the journal, recording its title. A similar practice existed in the book world in the USSR, when a bulletin of SI was published when the publishing house’s annual book release plans were being formed.

Time passed, the technology used in preparing and publishing scientific literature changed radically, and the attractive idea of publishing SI began to be implemented by enthusiasts. We cite here the arXiv project (https://arxiv.org/) as an example, which allows anyone to prepublish a scientific work [7]. This is a free distribution service and open-access archive for nearly 2.4 million scientific articles across various fields of science, something akin to the publication of conference abstracts, only without length restrictions and, unfortunately, without peer review. In the late 1990s, VINITI also proposed to create something like this but did not find funding.

In the early 2000s, following the increasing use of electronic technologies and the growing availability of personal computers, the task of creating SI releases became feasible. It was natural to supplement this with an information retrieval system and was implemented in its own way by a number of teams, for example: Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the publishing house of the journals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Scientific Electronic Library.

PREPARATION AND RELEASE OF SIGNAL INFORMATION BULLETINS ON ACOUSTICS

We are usually faced with the search for not only necessary but also often complete, up-to-date information that is needed immediately. There is at present an opportunity to meet such needs. Our work on creating acoustic SI is dedicated to the implementation of this request.

The Acoustics project was developed to support this. Russian-language sources were gathered, designed as an internet portal, the second part of which was an SI site [8].

The project of SI specifically on acoustics initially arose out of curiosity. Earlier, we, the research staff who prepared issue 18P “Acoustics” of a consolidated volume of AJ VINITI Physics, and later worked at the Department of Acoustics of the Physics Department of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, wanted to understand what the actual volume of information on acoustics was. It was clear that we would not be able to cover the part of this information flow that took place abroad, but we could try to cover the Russian-language part. First, we found 28 sources and took the liberty of publishing a corresponding article in Acoustic Journal [9]. This contains, along with the English-language ones, the names of these 28 Russian-language journals, reflected in the 2011 issue of AJVINITI’s “Acoustics Physics.” How naive we were! An experiment conducted in 2011 in the Department of Scientific Information on Problems of Physics and Astronomy of VINITI (with the assistance of the Academician N.N. Andreev Acoustic Institute and the Department of Acoustics of the Physics Department of Moscow State University) intended to change the channels of filling the “Akustika” issue of AJ showed that the use of sources of information from the internet is a very promising direction for filling the DB. The presence of a professional scientific editor and several senior students from the relevant department of Lomonosov Moscow State University helped identify this. This is all. It is not a very large expense to implement the minimum necessary information support. Today, our list includes more than 800 journals that publish articles on acoustics. This large number is explained by the fact that acoustics is not only a science, but also a technique.

Working on the Acoustics project, the Russian-language Sources project was launched in 2012 at VINITI RAS and was continued at the Department of Acoustics of the Physics Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The project primarily involved the presentation of the final product on the Internet, although the possibility of a printed version was also envisaged.

The first thing that was developed was a rubricator. We analyzed the structure and content of the rubricators of PACS, VINITI RAS, GRNTI, UDC, and the American Acoustical Society, as well as the rubricators of the world’s leading journals on acoustics: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America; Ultrasonics; IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferro-Electrics, and Frequency Control; Journal of Sound and Vibration, International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Acoustics Today, and others.

The following criteria were chosen to highlight thematic areas in the rubricator:

• relevance of the direction;

• degree of development of the direction in our country;

• proximity to the direction of physical acoustics (priority of the interests of Moscow State University and RAS institutes);

• identification of specific areas, the development of which seems relevant in the near future.

Using the rubricator compiled according to these criteria, we classified all of the articles of Acoustic Journal (about 10 thousand) over the entire period of its existence (from 1955 to the present), analyzed the content of the rubrics, made adjustments, and then the rubricator was used for work; at present, the rubrication of all new issues of SI is carried out according to it.

Taking into our predecessors’ experience into account, our SI, in addition to bibliographic descriptions, provides summaries of articles. All of the articles are categorized by specialists. At first, we had a list of sources of periodical literature that was already known to us concerning the issues of VINITI AJ Akustika; later we looked through the websites of publishers, reference literature, and websites compiling defended dissertations (doctoral). For these, the number of journals was found to increase sharply, quickly reaching 800.

Thus, formally, SI performs the following functions:

• providing, as far as possible, complete coverage of publications in the relevant branch of science or subject area, scattered across many sources;

• providing quick notification to users about new publications;

• simplifying the process of selecting the required publications and also helps to understand whether a search for full texts is necessary.

The usefulness of SI lies in providing the opportunity to assess the current state of acoustic research across various scientific fields. In this way, we ensure, as far as possible, the complete coverage of publications on the branch of science or subject area under consideration, scattered across many sources.

For the first stage, the depth of the retrospective was limited to 2005 and was set later to 1990. In our opinion, a deeper retrospective should be carried out through digitizing the array of AJ VINITI publications, as was done, for example, by Chemical Abstracts, according to its printed abstract issues.

Another of our conditions is the prompt display of information. Currently the turnaround is 2 months. In the future we plan to reduce this to 1 month. This will happen if financial resources are found that can gain access to the entire Russian-language flow of publications on acoustics. Thus, a new cumulative resource may emerge that has no analogues elsewhere in the world.

In the future, the retrospective part of the SI database can be supplemented both from existing, albeit disparate, DBs, such as, for example, the information and analytical system Science-MSU, the Math-Net.ru portal, the eLibrary.ru portal, and, by converting into digital form the issues of the Consolidated Volume of AJ VINITI Physics from the predigital era. We demonstrated the latter using the example of the AJ VINITI Mathematics issues of 1996–1997 [10, 11]. In the future, this will be aided by the creation of full-text archives of scientific journals.

The SI website opens with the current issue’s headings (Fig. 2). You can view and access each previous issue of SI by clicking on the All Issues button in the upper left part of the page. In total, the rubricator contains 18 sections, the first 14 of which can be seen on the website of the Acoustic Journal archive (http://www.akzh.ru) [5]. For the SI website, the rubricator was supplemented with two sections: Acoustics in Medical Practice and Acoustics in Engineering. Later, two more sections were added, Physics and Astronomy, which will be developed in the event of the expansion of the project to all of physics and, accordingly, astronomy. This will be the scaling for our project.

[See PDF for image]

Fig. 2.

The home page of the signal information website.

Within the framework of this rubrication work, a table of correspondence between our rubricator and the VINITI AJ rubricator on acoustics was obtained for access to the VINITI Automated Data Bank (ADB) and the possible integration of information.

On other pages of the SI website are pointers that can be accessed by clicking on the corresponding sign at the top of the home page. The author index includes a bibliography of articles by each author in the issue. The source index indicates which sources are reflected in the present issue. A full pdf version of the SI issue is also provided. In our case, the pdf version provides the original layout of the issue for the printed edition, if this becomes necessary in the future. However, its main task, in our opinion, is to obtain a fairly complete picture of the current state of research on acoustic topics in one place, i.e., to provide the opportunity for a comprehensive overview, which, we think, is important for the reader.

As a result, with the release of each issue of SI it is possible to quickly view and select the necessary publications, as well as deciding whether it is necessary to search for full texts.

The SI site (http://akinfo.ru) was implemented by us as an information system of the current cross-section of published publications on acoustics. In addition, SI preparation technology allows the entered retrospective information to be edited, as the DB is filled in both directions in time. The site allows search by sources, authors, and headings, and it also allows you to view the entire issue in pdf format in open access mode—this is our fundamental position. Almost simultaneously with the release of each issue of SI, and in the period 2013–2024 72 issues were released, its data enter the acoustics information retrieval system (akdata.ru).

Another argument in favor of creating such an Internet information resource as SI is related to the lack of any complete information concerning current scientific research in the Russian-speaking world. Many people are interested in the problems of developing communication processes and access to the results of scientific research [12].

SIDB. The technology that we have developed includes filling the DB with the periodic retrieving of current issues from it. At the same time, we sought to preserve in this work the general idea of the Acoustic Journal archive project—complete collection of information, free access, and ease of use for the user. We support the idea that the internal complexity associated with the use of modern software products, if it is well thought out, should provide, with a good interface, not only convenience, but also positive emotions during operation.

To implement this project, a special DB on acoustics was created that was compatible with the DB of Acoustic Journal, and the rubricator used in the archive of Acoustic Journal project was used as a rubricator, supplemented with details on the part of the rubricator concerning engineering and the medical applications of acoustics. The SIDB functionality was expanded with the ability to enter retrospective data. This made it possible, first, to facilitate the retrospective search for publications and, second, to provide significant assistance for the preparation of review materials.

The software and technology complex (STC) is based on the SIDB (implemented in the Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 relational database management system). The STC SIDB is designed for the input, editing, and storage of bibliographic descriptions, abstracts, keywords, and various types of documents, as well as for the preparation of information products—original layouts of printed publications, creation of new issues of SI and completing the information retrieval system. For our work, we selected the following types of documents: a separate issue of a journal, an article in a serial publication, a book (including the proceedings of conferences, seminars, symposia, etc.), an article in a book or in a collection (this includes papers in conferences proceedings, abstracts of reports, etc.), patent documents, and dissertation abstracts. Depending upon the type of document, the typesetter is provided with a corresponding typesetting form containing two dozen fields, based on the principle of the most commonly used ones. The article in a serial publication document type has the largest number of fields.

SIDB consists of three main tables and several auxiliary tables. The main tables—ETBD_M, ETBD_A, ETBD_X—contain monographic, analytical, and service information, respectively, for each document; the auxiliary tables contain country codes, languages, rubricators, list of special characters, and descriptions of data fields, as well as a list of employees authorized to work with the DB and their access levels.

SIDB implements the principle of packing bibliographic descriptions into data rows. This notation was proposed by Professor N.V. Maksimov when we and his staff were developing a project for the technology of preparing a new AJ VINITI DB. The packaging principle is that the BO elements (with some exceptions) are not placed each in a separate DB column, but are pregrouped into container rows and, in grouped form, written into the main SIDB tables (columns Str_M, Str_A, Str_X of tables SIBD_M, SIBD_A, SIBD_X, respectively). The packaging occurs in XML format, where the content of each element is framed by the codes for the beginning and end of this element. In reading a document from SIDB, the reverse operation is performed: the BO elements are extracted from the container rows and passed to their destination.

An example of such packaging:

Str_M

<_007>2017</_007><_074>63</_074><_076> N 3</_076><_321>Acoustic Journal</_321> <_042>RU</_042><_003>Acoustic Journal</_003>Str_A<_035>1</_035><_050> J99011703 </_050><_001>Mikhailov S.G.\%Rudenko O.V.</_001><_043>246-250</_043><_021>Simple Model of a Nonlinear Element</_021><_004>Rus.</_004>

Street_X

<_005>17.03-01.246</_005><_039>J990117030-03</_039><_251>04</_251> <_502>01</_502> <_100>

The behavior of a nonlinear element, namely, a light plate pressed against an opening in the cavity of an acoustic resonator, was experimentally investigated. The measurements of field oscillations in and outside the cavity show that at large amplitudes, they become significantly nonharmonic. The time dependences of the plate displacement together with an increase in the amplitude of the exciting voltage demonstrate gradual changes in the shape of the oscillations from harmonic to half-period. A constant component appears in the cavity—a vacuum or flow of the medium through the hole. A theory of nonlinear vibrations of a plate is constructed, taking into account its different elastic responses to compression and rarefaction, taking into account the monopole radiation of small wave sizes by the plate or the radiation of a plane wave by it. The amplitudes of the harmonics are calculated. A nonlinear problem of the effect of low-frequency stationary noise on a plate is solved. Expressions are obtained for the correlation function and the average output power when a normal random process is specified at the input. https://doi.org/ 10.7868/S0320791917030108</_100><_036>05.01\%05.06\%10.06</_036><_006>05.01\%05.06\%10.06</_006><_802> http://www.akzh.ru/pdf/2017_3_246-250.pdf</_802><_636>05.01</_636>

The advantages of this solution are: a reduction in the number of columns in DB tables and the increased ability to expand the list of data fields without needing to change the structure of such tables. Among its disadvantages, we note the complication of searching for documents with fields that are packed into container strings. This packaging does not affect the speed of actual work involving DB.

The workplaces (ARM) developed and used for entering information into SIDB and editing it are equipped with filters—formal-logical control of information, which facilitates the monitoring of the data flow of the input. In the future, the retrospective part of the DB can be supplemented using content from already existing, albeit disparate, DBs, such as, for example, the information and analytical system Science-MSU, the Math-Net.ru portal, and the eLibrary.ru portal, as well as by converting into digital form the issues of the Consolidated Volume of the AJ VINITI RAS Physics from the predigital era. In the future, this will be helped by the creation of full-text archives of scientific journals.

Software blocks for SI project. The editor’s automated workplace is a program designed to prepare the SI issue.

Working in this an automated workplace, the editor performs the following operations:

• assigns the number of the next issue of SI;

• performs:

▪ viewing a list of SIDB documents not included in previous SI issues;

▪ selecting of documents from this list for inclusion in the next issue and their automatic verification in formal logical control. If errors are found, the document is transferred to the editing window, where the editor must make the necessary corrections;

• carries out the formation of:

▪ releases;

▪ rough layout;

▪ final layout.

The editor reviews the draft layout of the SI issue to identify errors in the documents, including in the spelling of special characters, the names of authors and newly appearing sources. After one or several cycles of proofreading and creating a rough layout, the final layout of the issue is created. The editor’s access to the documents in that issue is then closed, and they are not submitted for consideration when the next SI issue is formed.

The automated workplace of the SIDB administrator is a multifunctional program that is designed to perform service operations, collect statistics, administer users of automated workplaces, etc. This workplace allows the administrator to perform the most common operations without the need to create SQL queries or work directly in the Microsoft SQL Server environment. The set of ARM functions that is available to each specific administrator depends on his access level, as specified in the Users SIDB table. This approach allows the possibility of DB corruption due to incorrect user action to be minimized. As we discovered at an early stage of testing the program, editors try to make the edits they need to delete a document manually, but forget that it is not in one table, but in several, or to delete a specific document along with the entire journal, etc.

The following functions of the administrator’s workplace are used to fill and edit the DB content:

• batch loading of additional bibliographic information to documents already in SIDB, such as, for example, translation of the article title into English and transliteration of authors’ surnames into Latin script;

• deleting documents from the DB by entry date, working number or publishing number, including after the end of the formation of issues;

• global operations to change or check specific elements of the BO in all documents of the DB;

• viewing the contents of any SIDB document by its working or publication number.

The SIDB administrator in the workplace transfers data from the SIDB technological DB to the acoustics information retrieval system DB. The structure of these DBs is different due to their different purposes, therefore only that part of the array that is necessary for the functioning of the information retrieval system is subject to transfer.

The program for generating pages of the SI website (the automated workplace for generating the website) Pub2Site is designed to generate pages of the website http://akinfo.ru SI on Acoustics. A useful feature of the program is the ability to check all hyperlinks present on the pages of the SI website.

Using the issue number that is specified by the administrator, the Pub2Site program searches the SIDB for documents of this issue (by the publisher number, which contains the issue number and the document number in the issue), sorting them by publisher numbers. The program then goes through all of the documents in the issue and creates a complete list of headings that contain documents in the given issue. From this list, an HTML page with a list of headings is generated. When all the documents in the issue are gone through, a list of the initial letters of the authors’ surnames is generated and is placed in an HTML page. At the same time, a list of sources is compiled. At the same time, documents are distributed across HTML pages that correspond to each source.

In essence, the SI website serves as a referee journal, providing information about new articles that can be found on the internet by title or author.

CONCLUSIONS

High-quality research work at the modern level, which involves obtaining priority results, is greatly complicated, if not impossible, in the absence of full-fledged information support. This can be done by information services in various ways, such as publishing abstract journals, creating information collections, compiling custom-made collections of materials, etc. In our opinion, a good result can only be achieved through cooperation between information workers and information consumers, namely, specialists in various fields of knowledge. An example of this is the organization of the preparation of the VINITI AJ in the Soviet Union. It was on this principle that our project of the portal Acoustics was created, consisting of three interconnected parts. Its first component in the form of the Archive of Acoustic Journal was published in the collection Scientific and Technical Information [5]. The second part, SI on acoustics, is presented in this article. One of the goals of our work is to offer on the internet a complete showcase of the information product on current Russian-language publications, which most fully reflects any thematic area of science and is more oriented toward the requirements of a wide range of specialists.

It should be noted that work in the information field of Russian-language publications is also actively carried out by other organizations [13–15]. Naturally, this can only be welcomed. In general, the topic of concentrating Russian-language publications, converting them into electronic form, and accessing them is, in our opinion, important for their preservation, the elimination of duplicate developments, and the detection of plagiarism, confirming, if necessary, the priorities of our researchers. This is a problem, in the opinion of many, due to the weak, and sometimes too good, familiarity on the part of the English-speaking world with Russian-language publications, when articles by our scientists are published under someone else’s name.

Our main message is the need to increase the completeness of the presentation of Russian-language information sources in electronic form, thereby preserving them in the information space and facilitating access to them.

One way is for the researchers at our leading universities, institutes, and scientific organizations to implement information support in the Russian-speaking world themselves, as mathematicians and acousticians have done.

FUNDING

This work was supported by ongoing institutional funding. No additional grants to carry out or direct this particular research were obtained.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Publisher’s Note.

Allerton Press remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

AI tools may have been used in the translation or editing of this article.

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