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Global pressures, ranging from profit generation to addressing climate change, have led to an increase in the number of megaprojects for renewable energy production over the last decades. These projects radically transform the territories they are located in, putting them at risk of suffering environmental injustices. A significant proportion of renewable energy ventures have evolved into conflicts involving affected communities, environmental movements, governments, private actors, and other stakeholders. This research examines the sociopolitical implications of opposition mobilization campaigns against renewable energy megaprojects in developing nations. I analyze the hegemonic outcomes of these campaigns, specifically, the direct impacts on policy making and repercussions for the competition for control of the state apparatus in the political arena. For this purpose, the study proposes and elaborates on a “political economic process” theoretical framework. From this perspective, the divergences in hegemonic outcomes are defined in the variance of macro structural pressures –including the political economic context, the eco-territorial dynamics of the megaprojects, and the emergence conditions for the oppositional campaign– and the mediation of the process of mobilization. The study employs a comparative-historical design centered on six oppositional campaigns against hydroelectric dam projects in Central America between 1972 and 2019: those that oppose the Cerrón Grande (El Salvador), Chixoy-Pueblo Viejo (Guatemala), El Tigre (Honduras), El Chaparral (El Salvador), Agua Zarca (Honduras), and Canbalam (Guatemala) projects. Employing the empirical results of a multisite research strategy that encompassed fieldwork, interviews, and archival material, the dissertation provides a reconstruction of these opposition campaigns, their conditions, and results. It also yields a historical account on the changes of these type of conflicts based in paired-case systematic comparison of the outcomes, contexts and processes in three junctures of contemporary global capitalism: authoritarian developmentalism under the international energy crisis in 1972-1983, neoliberal democracies under the commodity price boom in 2003-2009, and authoritarian extractive post neoliberalism under financialized decarbonization in 2009-2019. The dissertation sheds light on several critical mechanisms driving the diversity of outcomes vis-á-vis the variation of settings and mediating mobilization processes: if in the first juncture we find limited hegemonic outcomes from heightened conflicts; in the second, these outcomes are notable from rather moderated conflicts, and in the third, outcomes are substantial and conflicts heated. By addressing these puzzles through a political economic process framework, the results of the study contribute to current discussions of extractivism and social movements. For instance, how the energy transition might affect primarily and differentially territories and peoples with a history of internal colonialism. Besides, in which ways structural pressures in energy metabolism and the circulation of energy as a market entity could foster the development of renewable energy megaprojects and push their rapid implementation, from high prices of a crucial productive factor to a highly valued commodity for financial speculation. Also, how the situation of a hegemonic order, from reconstitution to crisis, could neutralize or enhance the political consequences of mobilization. In addition, how the contextual emergence conditions, threats, opportunities, grievances, and their combinations, and larger or smaller organizational capacities could shape the outcomes of an environmental social movement. Or finally, in which ways the strategies of action taken by mobilized groups, state repressive actors, and the trajectories followed by their contentious interaction mediate the outcomes of organized opposition to renewable energy megaprojects in policy and the polity.