Integrated geophysical techniques for archaeological exploration of subsurface tombs in Saqqara necropolis, Giza, Egypt

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the subsurface archaeological features at the Saqqara necropolis, Giza, Egypt, using an integrated geophysical approach combining Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The aim is to identify potential buried structures, including tombs and burial chambers, within this historically significant site, which dates to the New Kingdom and earlier periods. SRT provided insights into deeper geological variations, while ERT distinguished anthropogenic features from natural formations and provided further clues about construction techniques. GPR delivered high-resolution imaging of near-surface structures, revealing walls, voids, and architectural elements. The integrated dataset identified anomalous structures at depths of 2–4 meters, including potential chambers, walls, and enclosed spaces resembling rooms. These findings enhance understanding of Saqqara’s archaeological landscape and highlight the effectiveness of integrated geophysical surveys in heritage exploration. The results offer valuable guidance for future excavations and underscore the necessity of advanced geophysical techniques in uncovering buried historical narratives at this culturally rich necropolis.