Examining virtual–physical activity links across purposes, timeframes and locations in the SuperApps era

Abstract

This study examines time allocation and associations between virtual and physical activities across purposes, times, and locations, considering users’ socio-demographic characteristics, residential locations, and personality traits, while also accounting for multitasking. It uses one-week time-use diaries from smartphone users in four Indonesian cities, analyzed with multivariate ordered regression models. The results reveal strong associations between virtual and physical activities across mandatory, maintenance, and leisure purposes. Leisure activities appear less flexible than other types. Multitasking is positively associated with primary activities, especially maintenance tasks like e-shopping, while work-related virtual tasks show negative associations with other activities, reflecting remote work flexibility. Virtual activity engagement on weekdays is negatively linked to physical activity but weakens on weekends. Urban residents, and younger, wealthier individuals are more engaged in virtual activities, whereas males and those in larger households prioritise physical activities. Creative individuals prefer physical leisure, while sociable individuals balance virtual and physical activities.