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Background
Little is known about the fire history of the Atlantic cypress swamps, which are found along the coast of the United States from Maine to Florida. By utilizing historical records from journals and newspapers, we have documented the fire history of the Delmarva Peninsula’s Great Cypress Swamp. In the late eighteenth century, this swamp was estimated to cover nearly 50,000 acres (20,234 ha).
Results
Between 1782 and 1941, the Great Cypress Swamp experienced 18 documented fires. The fire season in the swamp lasted from May to November, with the highest number of fires—one-third—occurring in July. The mean fire return interval (MFRI) was 5.33 years. Generally, both the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and newspaper reports indicated that fires were more likely to occur during times of drought. Notably, the 1930 fire, which lasted from August to October, occurred under severe drought conditions.
Conclusions
Over time, the Great Cypress Swamp has undergone significant human alteration due to timber harvesting for shingle production and ditching and drainage efforts associated with agricultural expansion. The removal of the canopy, as well as drainage, likely intensified the effects of droughts by drying out the peat and increasing the risk of fire. In most cases, the exact cause of the fires remains unknown, but they were most likely of anthropogenic origin, such as careless smoking and the burning of dry peat to access buried logs.