Determination of bisphenol a in doogh (a yogurt-based Iranian drink) by magnetic-SPE (MWCNT-Fe3O4)/GC-MS method and human health risk assessment

Abstract

Doogh is a traditional Iranian yogurt-based drink that is served flavored or unflavored and carbonated or non-carbonated. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting analyte, which poses significant dangers to public health. The goal of our investigation was to assess the BPA content in doogh samples from Tehran along with risk assessment by using the Monte Carlo method. A nano-adsorbent of magnetized iron-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Fe₃O₄) was used with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to evaluate the mentioned contaminant. The average amount of BPA in doogh samples was 3.50 µg/L (ranged 0.63 to 6.75 µg/L). BPA concentrations in all doogh samples were within the standard limit. In addition, the health risks of BPA intake through doogh were assessed. The results of multivariate statistical evaluation highlighted the relationship between BPA concentrations and independent variables (volume, brand, packaging type, storage conditions, pH, fat, salt, and trans fatty acid content). According to the updated tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the 50th percentile for the target hazard quotient of BPA in doogh samples was 2.22E + 0 for adults and 7.83E + 0 for children (THQ > 1). This evidence suggests chronic consumption of doogh from plastic or metal containers may endanger human health. The intake of BPA through doogh samples poses adverse health risks to Iranian consumers.