Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective is to analyze the climate scenario in the state of Amapá, Brazil, based on the following question: is Amapá prepared to adapt to climate change and its effects?
Theoretical Framework: Reflection on the concept of global governance, heat stress, extreme heat and deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, energy transition in relation to the state of Amapá, Brazil.
Method: The methodology includes research and bibliographic review, in different sources of information: scientific articles; book chapters; repositories of academic institutions; official electronic addresses of Brazilian and international public and governmental institutions; scientific reports of entities related to the environment.
Results and Discussion: The results reveal that, despite lacking better conditions in relation to planning and management, Amapá has potential that guarantees it opportunities to face this. The large percentage of green area and the mangrove ecosystem require a more committed look, taking into account the inherent capacity of carbon sequestration in these environments. Furthermore, the role of citizen science and adherence to the Resilient Cities Program can create opportunities to address climate change in Amapá.
Research Implications: The results obtained can be applied or influence practices in the field of climate change and mitigation of its effects in the Brazilian Amazon.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by reflecting on climate change and mitigation of its effects in the state of Amapá, where reflections on this topic are still scarce.
Keywords: Climate Change, Climate Adaptation; Adaptive Capacities, Mitigation of Climate Impacts.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo é analisar o cenário climático no estado do Amapá, Brasil, partindo da seguinte indagação: o Amapá está preparado para se adaptar às mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos?
Referencial Teórico: Reflexão sobre o conceito de governança global, estresse térmico, calor extremo e desmatamento na floresta amazônica, transição energética na relação com o estado do Amapá, Brasil.
Método: A metodologia compreende a pesquisa e revisão bibliográfica, em diferentes fontes de informação: artigos científicos; capítulos de livros; repositórios de instituições acadêmicas; endereços eletrônicos oficiais de instituições públicas e governamentais brasileiras e internacionais; relatórios científicos de entidades relacionadas ao meio ambiente.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados revelam que, apesar de carecer de melhores condições em relação ao planejamento e à gestão, o Amapá apresenta potencialidades que lhe garantem oportunidades para esse enfrentamento. O grande percentual de área verde e o ecossistema manguezal precisam de um olhar mais comprometido, levando em conta a inerente capacidade de sequestro de carbono nesses ambientes. Ademais, o papel da ciência cidadã e a adesão ao Programa Cidades Resilientes pode criar oportunidades para o enfrentamento das mudanças climáticas no Amapá.
Implicações da Pesquisa: Os resultados obtidos podem ser aplicados ou influenciar práticas no campo das mudanças climáticas e da mitigação de seus efeitos em área da Amazônia Brasileira.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao refletir sobre as mudanças climáticas e a mitigação dos seus efeitos no estado do Amapá, onde são escassas, ainda, as reflexões sobre este tema.
Palavras-chave: Mudanças Climáticas; Adaptação Climática; Capacidades Adaptativas, Mitigação Impactos Climáticos.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo es analizar el escenario climático en el estado de Amapá, Brasil, con base en la siguiente pregunta: ¿Está Amapá preparado para adaptarse al cambio climático y sus efectos?
Marco teórico: Reflexión sobre el concepto de gobernanza global, estrés térmico, calor extremo y deforestación en la selva amazónica, y la transición energética en relación con el estado de Amapá, Brasil.
Método: La metodología incluye investigación y revisión bibliográfica en diversas fuentes de información: artículos científicos; capítulos de libros; repositorios de instituciones académicas; direcciones electrónicas oficiales de instituciones públicas y gubernamentales brasileñas e internacionales; e informes científicos de entidades relacionadas con el medio ambiente.
Resultados y discusión: Los resultados revelan que, a pesar de carecer de mejores condiciones en cuanto a planificación y gestión, Amapá cuenta con potencial que le garantiza oportunidades para afrontar este cambio. El gran porcentaje de áreas verdes y el ecosistema de manglares requieren una perspectiva más comprometida, considerando la capacidad inherente de secuestro de carbono en estos entornos. Además, el papel de la ciencia ciudadana y la adhesión al Programa Ciudades Resilientes pueden generar oportunidades para abordar el cambio climático en Amapá.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Los resultados obtenidos pueden aplicarse o influir en las prácticas en el ámbito del cambio climático y la mitigación de sus efectos en la Amazonía brasileña.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura al reflexionar sobre el cambio climático y la mitigación de sus efectos en el estado de Amapá, donde las reflexiones sobre este tema aún son escasas.
Palabras clave: Cambio Climático, Adaptación Climática, Capacidades De Adaptación, Mitigación De Los Impactos Climáticos.
1 INTRODUCTION
Discussions about the environment and climate change have revealed that this is possibly a of the themes of greatest concern to the international community (Castaño; Páramo, 2020) , as it has a global impact on economic and social aspects.
What had previously been argued by Anthony Giddens as a "paradox" in relation to the dangers posed for the heating global no to be palpable, immediate, or visible node during everyday life and, although frightening, did not provoke concrete initiatives (Giddens, 2010) , today, indisputably, it is a reality with increasingly visible and palpable effects .
Considering the changes climate, the each day , and possible see and feel consequences inherent, it is in relationship the events extremes - as dry, floods, hurricanes - be in relation to heat waves that he has affected various regions around the world, forcing countries to adopt adaptation measures and prevention of risks , or even severe effects on ecosystems and biodiversity .
In this context, this search analyze the scenario climatic node state of Amapá , Brazil , starting from the following question: is Amapá prepared to adapt to climate change and its effects ? Methodologically , it is based on a bibliographic review .
After the introduction, climate change is discussed in the context of global governance and the state of Amapá, the methodology is presented, and the results and discussion are stated, ending with the conclusions and references.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
As defined by the Nations United (Nations United Brazil, 2023 a ), the climate change or alteration are long-term, natural or unnatural transformations in temperature patterns and climate. Considering the natural event, the motivation for these changes are in the variations of the solar cycle. On the other hand, human activities have have been drivers of climate change since 1800, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas (United Nations Brazil, 2023 a ).
For Giddens (2010), even with the existing knowledge about the consequences of climate change, whether for the collective or individual, humanity, as a collective, still is at the beginning of one process of adopt measures necessary in in relation to the development of new habits, policies and practices. Thus, there is a need for a collective effort in political convergence for adaptation to climate change.
Analyzing the Amazon, specifically the state of Amapá, in a context of global governance and climate change, first it must be consider the understanding of what the idea of global governance has undergone construction over the years, possibly still demanding initiatives today in research scientific what may to help the better define one concept to respect.
According to Santos (2006), some constituent elements of the idea of global governance have evolved , along the history , and they won variations according to you historical and political moments experienced by society, consolidating themselves at the end of the 20th century. For this author, it is understood what "the idea of governance global will be always us referring the attempt to solve you problems collectives generated by the challenges from the contemporaneity" (Santos, 2006); thus, from point of view practical, if you can understand the governance global as one process of management of questions of importance global, being lots of of which occurred the leave of others processes, the example of globalization.
Based on this idea, it is important relate to Amazon, mainly the state of Amapá, in a context of global governance specifically on mechanisms for mitigating and adapting to climate change.
In the Brazilian context, based on the pre-announcement of these concerns, which have already been occurring over the last few years, the government instituted, in 2016, the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change - PNA, with the objective of
" [...] promote the management and reduction of risk climatic node country front to the effects adverse effects of climate change, in order to take advantage of emerging opportunities, avoid losses and damages and build instruments that allow the adaptation of natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems " (Brazil, 2016).
Node state of Amapá, just in 2021 he was instituted the Policy State on Climate Change, Conservation and Incentives to the Services Environmental, having your principles, guidelines and instruments the general objective of promoting and encouraging actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change (Government of Amapá, 2021).
For this discussion, it is necessary to highlight the occurrence of events that became milestones in the agenda policy environmental where each of them, in general, had repercussions through direct results, as in the case of agreements between the Parties (Conferences of the Parties - COPs), or through secondary results, which here will be considered as policies or programs developed based on the commitments made and discussed at each of these moments. The Pilot Program for the Protection of Brazil's Tropical Forests (PPG7) (Chaves, 2009) fits into this perspective.
In 1990, at the meeting of the group of seven most industrialized countries, the G7, carried out in the state of Texas, us States United, he was proposed the PPG7, being approved by the European Commission in 1991 , and the following year, during Rio 92, it was officially launched in Brazil, having you first projects approved , in 1994 , and initiates , in 1995 (Brazil, 2021).
Silva (2003) considered the PPG7 as a emblematic case of insertion of Amazon in a global governance effort, precisely because it demonstrated an innovative format of cooperation International between governments, community financial and society civil. To he, a global consensus on the strategic importance of the Amazon in the intensification of environmental imbalance, notably in relation to climate change and loss of biodiversity, constituted a relevant aspect within the scope of this cooperation.
After almost two decades of operation, PPG7 was closed in 2009, being the "[...] largest multilateral cooperation program related to an environmental issue of importance global and the bigger world program to the protection of forests tropical and management of your resources in one single country." (Keys, 2009) your main objective he was "[...] the optimization of forms of protection and sustainable use of the forests tropical Brazilian regions, both in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest region, according to social and ecological criteria, aiming above all at the interests of the regional population." (Kohlhepp, 2018).
Funded by donations of resources from the seven most industrialized countries at the time (Germany, Canada, United States, France, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom), the European Union, Countries Lows and government Brazilian through of bottom managed for the Bank World, the Rainforest Trust Fund (RTF) (Antony, 2010), according to results presented for the Brazilian government (Brazil, 2009), the Program helped: create 2.1 million hectares of extractive reserves; demarcate approximately 44 million hectares in 115 indigenous lands; create and strengthen environmental and monitoring systems in several Brazilian states.
Within the scope of this Program, Amapá was served by subprojects, some of which generated benefits for the communities and locations node state and in the region Amazonian as one all. You The six largest sectoral projects of PPG7 were: Demarcation of Indigenous Lands in the Amazon (PPTAL); Natural Resources Policy Subprogram (SPRN); Demonstration and Indigenous Peoples Projects (PDA/PDPI); Support for Forest Management in the Amazon (Promanejo); Forest Management Resources Natural from the floodplain from the Amazon Brazilian (Provárzea) and Implementation of Ecological Corridors in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest (Ecological Corridors) (Scholz, 2001).
Picanço ( 2010 ), in his research on family agroextractive production in protected areas in the South of Amapá, from a perspective of development, sustainability and conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon, when describing the normalization of environmental legislation node State what, second he, he had start in decade of 1990, points what that process was initially fostered node scope of SPRN of PPG7. Of agreement with Silva (20 1 1), several actions aimed at traditional populations and the creation and maintenance of protected areas, in the period from 2003 to 2010, were financed by international resources, through PPG7.
To this search, the importance of to speak on the PPG7 this exactly in that. Put through its subprograms and projects for protecting the forests of traditional communities, the possibility of discussing the effects of this with regard to adaptation to climate change arises. Closed in 2009, of this year until to the year of 202 5 , It's been sixteen . Counting on your 17 years of validity there are, then, 33 years. In this period, the world watched to many important moments regarding the environmental protection agenda, whether in the evolution of scientific knowledge or in decision-making, hence the need to discuss the mitigation of impacts and adaptation to climate change.
Node context Amazonian , and possible to speak in studies existing the respect of what if wait case no it is respected the urgency in to create and apply forms of reduce you effects of the climate change. A study on the influence of land use change and deforestation on temperature and climate in the Amazon region, published by researchers from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) and the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo (IEA/USP) (Oliveira et al ., 2021), indicates what millions of northerners, including you people from Amapá, will be under risk of death by heat stress by the year 2100. The research replaced the natural condition of vegetation cover from the region put features of vegetation of type savannah, considering what, if deforestation get to the point in what the forest no will have more resilience, in one worse possible scenario, this will slowly turn into a savannah, which would lead to a potentiated heat stress .
Node state of Amapá, between you sixteen municipalities what already have risks in relationship at high temperatures, ten can reach extreme heat (Diário Do Amapá, 2021). According to the authors, although the climate models used in the study present uncertainties in their projections, the results suggest that "the limits of human adaptation may be exceeded in this region if current trends of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and global climate change continue to increase (Oliveira et al . , 2021b).
Although, the same author is highlights m what the Amapá does not recognize fully what it happened for a transition energetics what involved the diversification of your headquarters energetic, incorporating diverse sources of energy, as plants thermoelectric plants, hydroelectric and resources of oil. This energy transition is a significant change in the way the state generates and consumes energy, but it may not be perceived or recognized in all its complexity and impacts.
It is important to better assess and understand this energy transition, taking into account its benefits and challenges, so that the state can seek ways to promote the sustainable use of its energy sources, as well as consider cleaner and more renewable approaches, in line with global concerns about sustainability and mitigating climate change.
Exposed this, and necessary to consider on one important aspect in relation to protection of the forest and communities in Amapá. Assunção (2016), mentioned some development dilemmas faced by the state on the publication of normative instruments that created and/or recognized areas protected, like this changing the territory Amapá native and bringing restrictions to the own State, to the sector private and to the individuals. Of agreement with the author, 14 of its 16 municipalities have protected areas, this being the result of a global conservationist goal, which started a cycle of creation of conservation units by the Union, almost all of them with full protection.
You dilemmas mentioned put Assumption (2016) they are related to the fact of what, despite the creation of areas public protected (as you parks national) to be considered in all the world one of the forms more effective of conservation from the diversity biological and sociocultural, by other side, you resources to the maintenance of these areas they are each time more scarce.
Amapá, what of agreement with the author, it has 70% of your territory protected put laws and shelters the largest national park, the Tumucumaque Mountains Park, which covered the territory of five municipalities and suffers from difficulties in access and infrastructure, this is because
"The figures reveal that the country has not yet explored its potential to transform the conservation of these areas into sources of wealth. This is due to the lack of investment in national conservation units and inadequate management methods [...]" (Assunção, 2016).
For the author, investments in protected areas , which occupy more than 70% of the territory of Amapá , are scarce. Consequently, the spaces suffer with poor management, with access barriers due to low or very low infrastructure and they cannot justify themselves economically, for example, as tourist attractions. Seek alternatives, instruments economic, to raise resources and invest in these areas and one imperative action for the State (Assunção, 2016).
Another important issue in the context of protected areas in Amapá is the recognition of the Cerrado biome, also present in the state. According to Yokomizo et al. (2022), the Cerrado biome in the state of Amapá is unknown and vulnerable; the Cerrado biome, present in Brazil, is widely known for its vast extension in the center-west of the country. However, it is important to highlight that this biome extends beyond this region, reaching areas of the northern region.
According to a study cited above, the cerrado in the northern region is practically unknown and little discussed. This lack of visibility and discussion can have serious implications for the state of Amapá. The current use of the Amapá cerrado, and the possible consequences from that they are aspects crucial the to be considered.
The Cerrado is a biome that houses an inestimable wealth of natural resources, adapted to the climatic, soil and vegetation conditions. challenging waters that define its existence. Despite this richness, it is often neglected. Research in this biome seeks to expand our knowledge to assess what has been done regarding its use and what efforts have been made to preserve its biodiversity, including fauna, flora and microorganisms (Yokomizo et al . , 2022).
Specifically in the State of Amapá, the Cerrado occupies around 900,000 hectares, which corresponds to 6.9% of its total area (Melém Júnior et al . , 2008 cited by Yokomizo & Costa , 2016). Advancing a territorial strip that goes from the municipality of Macapá to approximately , the municipality of Calçoene, the closed Amapá native runs through about of 374 km in extension, covering municipalities such as Santana, Porto Grande, Itaubal and Tartarugalzinho (Yokomizo et al . , 2022).
At the moment, just 6.9% of closed Amapá native this inserted in some type of Conservation Unit, enabling its use for the agricultural development of the region, which opens up the possibility of one big part of that ecosystem if become vulnerable the destruction and to the inappropriate use, since there is a lack of public policies that regulate its management and handling (Yokomizo & Costa, 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to warning about subsidizing new proposals of use adequate to the specificities local, mainly due to the tropical climate conditions , as recommended by Yokomizo et al . ( 2022).
THE lack of insertion of closed of Amapá in one UC and your use without precedents can result in irreversible problems, including the loss of biodiversity and changes in conditions edaphoclimatic regional. That he can to be yet more serious when if considers what the savannah and often forgotten in comparison with others biomes, as forests dense, which makes it a target for inappropriate use without organization or supervision:
"THE Amapá historically he has your based economy in activities extractivists both vegetable and mineral, in addition to an incipient agricultural and livestock farming. Most of these activities are developed in the Cerrado, where agriculture follows the roadsides, mostly developed by family farmers [...] The strengthening of the economy in the State of Amapá, supported by the development of agribusiness, basically all carried out in the Cerrado, can be considered as irreversible, however existing weak points such as low industrial processing or non-existent; high costs of production and marketing; low capacity business management; lack of or low qualification of the workforce, poor condition of structure and installed infrastructure; difficulty in land regularization, must be urgently resolved." ( Yokomizo et al . , 2022 ).
To ensure the proper development of agriculture in large scale in Amapá and, at the same time, the preservation of the cerrado, it is essential to define appropriate criteria that consider scientific, social, political and economic aspects for the creation of new protected areas node state, specifically to that biome. THE lack of attention to the closed as a sustainable ecosystem in Amapá needs to be noticed, and , often , this biome is used only as a slogan to promote political image, under the appeal of sustainable development (Yokomizo et al . , 2022), since, "the perception of governments' disregard for guaranteeing public policies for conservation units beyond forced preservationism is notorious by the instruments command and control, mainly the oversight ostensible questionable results." (Chagas & Rabelo, 2015).
Therefore, Amapá needs to consider the importance of maintaining a balance between development economic and the preservation of the your resources natural, including the closed, to ensure a sustainable future and resilient in the face of the challenges of climate change and regional development.
3 METHODOLOGY
Of agreement with Gil (2007), the search exploratory he can provide greater familiarity with the problem, making it more explicit and helping to build hypotheses respect to what it deals with. For that, the bibliographic survey is a fundamental procedure. According to the planning for the literature review aimed at constructing this discussion, the choice of authors was based on the objective of finding answers about the challenges and opportunities inherent to the climate change situation in Amapá.
The argumentative organization was based on research in different sources of information, being they: articles scientific published in means electronics (scientific journals); chapters of books (versions digital and printed); repositories of institutions academic (production of Course Completion Works, dissertations and theses); electronic addresses officers of institutions public and governmental Brazilians and international; reports scientific of entities related to the quite environment.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MAGUESAIS AND OIL EXPLORATION AT THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON RIVER
The mangrove is an extremely important ecosystem what plays several papers crucial in combat to the changes climate and in the adaptation of the communities traditional the these changes. This ecosystem, what if extends along the so-called "Blue Amazon," it covers coastal regions from Oiapoque, in Amapá, to Lençóis Maranhenses (Escobar, 2022).
Throughout your extensions by the regions coastal from Brazil, since the far north from Amapá to approximately , On the coast of Santa Catarina, mangroves, although they occupy only a small portion, corresponding to 0.16% of the Brazilian territory, play a socioenvironmental importance that largely transcends their geographic area (Escobar, 2022).
Even though the Amazonian mangroves are considered "poor" in terms of diversity vegetable, they play one paper vital in the capture of dioxide of carbon (CO2), storing large amounts of carbon in their trunks, leaves and mud. Mangroves are not only nurseries of life and science, but also sources essential of food, livelihoods and culture for traditional communities. Furthermore, these ecosystems play a fundamental role in climate regulation and the provision of ecosystem services that benefit society at large (Eyzaguirre, 2022).
THE capture of "carbon blue" and one of the features more important of coastal vegetation ecosystems, such as mangroves, given that they have higher rates of carbon sequestration and accumulation when compared to others types of forest (Carvalho, 2020). According to the author,
" The role of Blue Carbon in mitigating and adapting to climate change has now gained international prominence. Scientists are now seeking greater precision in the extension of the ecosystems of Carbon Blue; techniques to determine the origin of Blue Carbon; understanding the factors that influence carbon sequestration in these ecosystems and to the actions of management what they are effective in the maintenance and expansion of this value " (Carvalho, 2020).
According to Eyzaguirre (2022) mud of the mangroves is the main compartment for carbon capture, with significantly higher rates compared to dryland forests. The lack of knowledge about the importance of mangroves for biodiversity and to the health of the communities he can to take the problems socio-environmental issues, including public health issues. However, the mangroves of the northern region have a unique adaptive capacity in relation to the increase in the level of the sea caused by climate change, being able to move naturally and even increase beaches elsewhere instead of disappearing.
However, mangroves are under threat from a number of factors, including deforestation, the pollution and to the changes climate. THE increase from the temperature of sea the long-term, as well as the rise in relative sea level associated with climate change also represent important threats to these ecosystems, as does soil erosion in resulting from different uses, and the reduction of biodiversity, since different factors , such as pollution, can harm the health of mangroves and the organisms that inhabit them (Carvalho, 2020).
In the case of the state of Amapá, an important challenge to be noted has to do with the imminent possibility of oil exploration at the mouth of the Amazon River, which has been announced by the state-owned company Petróleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobrás): in August 2023, the Advocacy General from the Union (AGU) issued favorable opinion in what it says respect to granting of environmental licensing for oil exploration , 175km away at the mouth of the river (Richter, 2023).
This exploration can affect ecosystems with great socio-environmental importance, such as you mangroves, and to the communities what depend of them , therefore, d and agreement with Facundes et al . (2023 ), the Amazon coast is home to 80% of Brazil's mangroves.
Therefore, Amapá cannot give up its mangroves, which are coastal ecosystems essential for biodiversity and human well-being, playing an important role in coastal protection against storms and floods. Therefore, as mangroves are complex and highly dynamic ecosystems, continuous monitoring is essential to understand your operation and to the changes what they are occurring due to environmental pressures, including climate change, is critical.
4.2 OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE STATE OF AMAPÁ TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
So far it is possible to infer that, in fact, Amapá presents weaknesses in relation to policies and management what they can to be considered as one big obstacle to your adaptation to the climate change; but in this sense, an important counterpoint needs to be made. The existence of these obstacles or obstacles should not mean that the state does not have potential planning regarding environmental/economic/social policies.
THE Amapá it presents important questions environmental resources that can be the axis for strategic planning of climate adaptation. The "green carbon" of standing forests and the "blue carbon" of coastal regions represent an essential natural resource in the process of reducing the pace and intensity of the effects of climate change.
The strengthening of policies of protection and area management greens (green carbon) in the state is one very important point that we want to highlight. Considering the potential of green areas in Amapá, this is understood as a characteristic that makes it privileged, however not exempt from being an example and showing more emphasis on the protection, adequate management and administration of these areas.
Regarding the coastal region of Amapá, it is important to reiterate the issue of mangrove areas (blue carbon) that are under threat from several factors linked to climate change (Carvalho, 2020), in addition to other factors such as oil exploration, which can put at risk not only the mangrove ecosystem, but also the communities involved.
Therefore, even though Amapá does not appear to be prepared to face and adapt to climate change, it is also a fact that its potential can represent opportunities in this regard. In this regard, another perspective is highlighted when talking about climate adaptation, the idea of resilience.
It is proposed to consider the importance of the UN Resilient Cities Program. According to data available on the Adapta Brasil platform (Brazil, 2025), the municipalities of the state of Amapá are in an incipient situation with regard to adherence to this Program, allowing us to point out an aspect that can and should be studied in a more targeted and in-depth manner, considering that this adherence may emerge as an opportunity in the process of climate adaptation.
The Making Cities Resilient 2030 (MCR2030) Initiative is an initiative that aims to have
"one increasing number of cities committed with reducing local climate disaster risk and building resilience, and able to demonstrate progress in formulating action plans in resilience and implementing risk reduction initiatives of disasters and the adaptation the change climate; 2)one growing number of resilience-focused partnerships, globally and regionally, bringing collaboration and synergy in support for cities along the roadmap to resilience" (United Nations , 2023 ).
Analyzing a overview on "resilient cities", and a change in society's stance in relation to building resilience in vulnerable people and communities, Bianchi and Zacarias (2016) considered that this construction, contrary to what many believe, is not purely the duty of the State or governments: according to recommendations from the United Nations, building resilience in communities and cities is everyone's task, where different social actors must act.
THE participation social and citizen in the construction of process of adaptation climate change can and should be encouraged. In addition to social participation, scientific research also plays a role one paper fundamental in the understanding of the changes climate and in the identification of strategies to promote sustainability and resilience in the Amazon region. In this sense, one important concept arises as more one factor what characterizes opportunity in relationship the adaptation and resilience to the changes climate: the science citizen.
Blandina Philip Viana, teacher from the University Federal from the Bahia (UFBA) and member of the Brazilian Citizen Science Network (RBCC), argued that citizen science is an approach transdisciplinary with the active participation of citizens external to academia in scientific practice and production, making science more collaborative and also inclusive (Marcelino, 2023).
Node touching t h e question on you mangroves, one example significant and the "Mangroves" project from the "Amazon" - what he has been executed put one team multidisciplinary of researchers connected , in its majority , to the Laboratory of Ecology of Mangroves (MUD), of the University Federal of To (UFPA) - what demonstrates the importance of this approach. Through collaboration with local communities and volunteers, the project is able to gather detailed data on the health of the mangroves, your species and your answers to the changes climate (Amazon Mangroves, 2021).
These data are valuable for scientific research and provide essential information to guide decision-making and policy formulation, since citizen science involves the active participation of the local community and volunteers in collecting information, significantly expanding the data collection capacity and the geographic scope of observations.
To protect mangroves as an important carbon sink, it is essential to implement climate adaptation strategies, and this involves activating science to generate information and diagnostics, considering ecological, economic, social and public health dimensions.
A "Climate Adaptation Plan" must therefore involve the activation of scientific research to generate data and carry out assessments that take the one comprehensive understanding solutions that can be applied in an integrated manner. In this sense, the implementation of initiatives to monitor, for example, indicators related to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 may be a strategy to be considered in relation to citizen science.
Among the 17 SDGs, SDG 13 deals with the adoption of urgent measures to combat climate change and its effects, through improving education, raising awareness and from the capacity human and institutional on mitigation, adaptation, reduction impact assessment and early warning of climate change; in addition to promoting mechanisms for developing capacity for climate change-related planning and effective management in least developed countries, including with a focus on women, young people and local and vulnerable communities (United Nations Brazil, 2025b ) .
Therefore, Citizen science is considered capable of strengthening other opportunities in the process of adaptation to climate change. Through active participation in science on the climate issue, communities, people (especially the most vulnerable) and other social actors can promote actions with greater impact on decision-making and public policies.
In general, science plays a key role in understanding the environmental and climate problems that the world is experiencing . But, in fact, the weaknesses in planning and management can should still be considered the greatest obstacle that we face, which is why, once again, the participatory role of society needs to be strengthened.
5 CONCLUSION
Analyzing a perspective that involves initiatives for adaptation to climate change, it is possible to infer that, in fact, Amapá lacks planning and management in this sense, however, it has potential, mainly natural, that can elevate the state to a position of greater relevance in dealing with the climate crisis.
Protected green areas, mangroves should highlight the importance of these ecosystems as a critical aspect for climate regulation, culture, subsistence and biodiversity. Its contribution as "blue carbon" he must be better researched and used as a means of adapting to climate change, given its enormous potential as a carbon sink, which has attracted the attention of researchers, but yet it needs to be better understood . In addition from that, your management and management suitable should be mentioned as factors that deserve greater attention.
science is fundamental in collecting data and understanding the environment as a whole, including preserved green areas and mangroves; it can be applied in different possibilities (or opportunities) with regard to climate adaptation.
Adherence to the Resilient Cities Program can and should be applied and used at the municipal level not only in the state of Amapá, but in Brazil and in the world as one all, having in view that becomes each time more clear the need general of search new means what can help reduce vulnerabilities and increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of urban environments in the face of climate challenges.
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References
REFERENCES
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