Content area
Objectives: This study investigates how climate-resilient palm oil practices can empower rural communities by enhancing their livelihoods and fostering environmental stewardship. Specifically, it seeks to map the key challenges and opportunities faced by smallholders, identify adaptive practices and governance models that underpin climate resilience, and discuss the broader implications for inclusive and sustainable rural development. Theoretical Framework: The research is anchored in multidimensional concepts of climate resilience and rural empowerment. Climate resilience is defined as encompassing not only technical adaptation-such as improved crop varieties and water management-but also institutional, economic, and knowledge-based strategies that enable communities to manage environmental risks. Empowerment is conceptualised as the expansion of access to resources, agency, participation in decision-making, and collective action, while environmental stewardship is framed as the responsible management of natural resources by local actors. Method: A qualitative literature review was conducted, synthesising over eighty peer-reviewed articles, policy papers, and reports from the past decade. Data were collected through systematic searches of digital databases and managed using Mendeley Desktop. Thematic analysis and inductive coding were employed to identify recurring themes and conceptual debates, with a focus on intersections among palm oil, climate resilience, rural livelihoods, and environmental governance. Results and Discussion: The review finds that climate-resilient practices-such as drought-tolerant palm varieties, agroforestry integration, improved water management, and organic soil practices-can significantly improve yield stability and income diversification for smallholders. Institutional factors, including secure land tenure, inclusive governance, and access to finance, are critical for enabling the adoption of sustainable practices. However, persistent barriers such as limited resources, policy fragmentation, and socio-political constraints hinder broader implementation. Evidence from Indonesia, Nigeria, and Colombia demonstrates that targeted interventions-such as land regularisation, cooperative support, and participatory governance-can increase smallholder participation in sustainable palm oil supply chains and improve environmental outcomes. The review underscores that technical innovation alone is insufficient; success depends on integrated, participatory approaches that align economic incentives with environmental safeguards and empower local communities to shape policy and land-use decisions. Research Implications: The findings highlight the need for policy frameworks that prioritise equity, climate adaptation, and community empowerment. Future research should explore the political economy of palm oil governance, conduct comparative studies across producing countries, and integrate participatory action research to deepen understanding of local contexts and lived experiences. Originality/Value: This research provides a comprehensive synthesis that bridges fragmented disciplinary perspectives on palm oil, climate resilience, and rural empowerment. By connecting technical, institutional, and social dimensions, it offers actionable guidance for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars committed to advancing a climate-resilient and socially just palm oil industry. The study emphasises the importance of participatory governance and inclusive institutional support as key pathways to sustainable rural transformation.